{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:59:21Z","timestamp":1792119561587,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,14]],"date-time":"2025-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R24AI13661806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R24AI13661806"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010438","name":"The Francis Crick Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CC2223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CC2223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110110\/Z\/15\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110110\/Z\/15\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["220549\/Z\/20\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["220549\/Z\/20\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002999","name":"Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002999","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007061","name":"Secretar\u00eda Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012317","name":"UCLH Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012317","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Lancet Microbe"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T14:52:34Z","timestamp":1744210354000},"page":"101076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Hepatitis B virus resistance to nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy: WHO consultation on questions, challenges, and a roadmap for the field"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6825-9324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheila F","family":"Lumley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolynne","family":"Mokaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongai G","family":"Maponga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kramvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Dusheiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Irving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Delphin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khadija","family":"Said Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise O","family":"Downs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Waddilove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motswedi","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collins","family":"Iwuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0610-6100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nokukhanya","family":"Msomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ponsiano","family":"Ocama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Hamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danjuma","family":"Adda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Halford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Kabagambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberley S M","family":"Benschop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Inzaule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polin","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret Alia Samson","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyohiko","family":"Izumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiara","family":"Nisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"De Dieu Iragena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amalia","family":"Gir\u00f3n-Callejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aboudou Ra\u00efmi","family":"Kpossou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ganiyu","family":"Jamiyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omolara","family":"Emmanuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahamadou","family":"Balkissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamadou","family":"Keita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishi","family":"Prabdial-Sing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7816-3040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor Namusoke","family":"Magongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Sued","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro Soares","family":"Sereno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W","family":"Shafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olufunmilayo","family":"Lesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Faini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippa","family":"Easterbrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Duncombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippa C","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib2","article-title":"Global hepatitis report 2024: action for access in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"9","year":"2024","journal-title":"Apr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib5","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of expanded antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus infection in China: an economic evaluation","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib6","article-title":"Enhancing interventions for prevention of mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV)","volume":"5","author":"Matthews","year":"2023","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13843","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of treating all hepatitis B-positive individuals in the United States","volume":"30","author":"Razavi-Shearer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-023-00132-1","article-title":"Impact and cost-effectiveness of biomedical interventions on adult hepatitis B elimination in China: a mathematical modelling study","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib9","first-page":"1425","article-title":"Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B (version 2022)","volume":"11","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.05.024","article-title":"Development of a simple score based on HBeAg and ALT for selecting patients for HBV treatment in Africa","volume":"69","author":"Shimakawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib12","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) resistance in people treated with entecavir or tenofovir","volume":"174","author":"Lumley","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09777-x","article-title":"Training the healthcare workforce to support task-shifting and viral hepatitis elimination: a global review of English language online trainings and in-person workshops for management of hepatitis B and C infection","volume":"23","author":"Corcorran","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21698","article-title":"Antiviral drug-resistant HBV: standardization of nomenclature and assays and recommendations for management","volume":"46","author":"Lok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.7.13.1835","article-title":"Lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis","volume":"7","author":"Hach\u00e9","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.08.063","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus resistance to nucleos(t)ide analogues","volume":"137","author":"Zoulim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib21","first-page":"60","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of 5 years lamivudine treatment of Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"16","author":"Guan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14273.1","article-title":"A blind spot? Confronting the stigma of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection - A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Mokaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29800","article-title":"Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance","volume":"67","author":"Terrault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.03.021","article-title":"EASL 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"67","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib25","article-title":"Distinct virologic trajectories in chronic hepatitis B identify heterogeneity in response to nucleos\/tide analogue therapy","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHEP Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13525","article-title":"Global prevalence and phylogeny of hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug and vaccine resistance mutations","volume":"28","author":"Mokaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15992.1","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus resistance to tenofovir: fact or fiction? A systematic literature review and structural analysis of drug resistance mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Mokaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.065722","article-title":"Global control of hepatitis B virus: does treatment-induced antigenic change affect immunization?","volume":"88","author":"Clements","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22841","article-title":"Long-term monitoring shows hepatitis B virus resistance to entecavir in nucleoside-na\u00efve patients is rare through 5 years of therapy","volume":"49","author":"Tenney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib30","article-title":"A five years study of antiviral effect of entecavir in Chinese chronic hepatitis B patients","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02483-13","article-title":"Prior exposure to lamivudine increases entecavir resistance risk in chronic hepatitis B Patients without detectable lamivudine resistance","volume":"58","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.08.008","article-title":"Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) vs emtricitabine (FTC)\/TDF in lamivudine resistant hepatitis B: a 5-year randomised study","volume":"66","author":"Fung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002468","article-title":"Long-term treatment with tenofovir alafenamide for chronic Hepatitis B results in high rates of viral suppression and favorable renal and bone safety","volume":"119","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006629","article-title":"A systematic review of hepatitis B virus (HBV) drug and vaccine escape mutations in Africa: a call for urgent action","volume":"12","author":"Mokaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2023-056089","article-title":"Social, clinical and biological barriers to hepatitis B virus suppression with nucleos\/tide analogue therapy: who is at risk and what should we do about it?","volume":"100","author":"Im","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2024-056168","article-title":"Multiple risk factors for persistent HBV viraemia in an adult receiving nucleos\/tide analogue therapy","volume":"100","author":"Lumley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1086\/368083","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical correlates of YMDD variants during lamivudine therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"36","author":"Lai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.27563","article-title":"Factors associated with hepatitis B virus DNA breakthrough in patients receiving prolonged lamivudine therapy","volume":"34","author":"Yuen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu630","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus sub-genotype A1 infection is characterized by high replication levels and rapid emergence of drug resistance in HIV-positive adults receiving first-line antiretroviral therapy in Malawi","volume":"59","author":"Aoudjane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00384-4","article-title":"Elimination of hepatitis B requires recognition of catastrophic costs for patients and their families","volume":"10","author":"Jemutai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.037","article-title":"Treatment advantage in HBV\/HIV coinfection compared to HBV monoinfection in a South African cohort","volume":"81","author":"Maponga","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2212151","article-title":"Hepatitis D virus infection","volume":"389","author":"Asselah","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.008","article-title":"The global prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Stockdale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2213429","article-title":"A phase 3, randomized trial of bulevirtide in chronic hepatitis D","volume":"389","author":"Wedemeyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61931-9","article-title":"Hepatitis delta virus","volume":"378","author":"Hughes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.04.027","article-title":"No virologic resistance to bulevirtide monotherapy detected in patients through 24 weeks treatment in phase II and III clinical trials for chronic hepatitis delta","volume":"79","author":"Hollnberger","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa033364","article-title":"Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease","volume":"351","author":"Liaw","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.09.033","article-title":"Long-term safety of lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"125","author":"Lok","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.19619","article-title":"Early detection of viral resistance by determination of hepatitis B virus polymerase mutations in patients treated by lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B","volume":"32","author":"Nafa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840400418","article-title":"Clinical outcome of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B in relation to virological response to lamivudine","volume":"40","author":"Di Marco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.81070","article-title":"The forgotten people: hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection as a priority for the inclusion health agenda","volume":"12","author":"Martyn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2017.0069","article-title":"Is it possible to predict the development of an entecavir resistance mutation in patients with chronic hepatitis B in clinical practice?","volume":"23","author":"Nam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.01.012","article-title":"Antiviral effect of entecavir in chronic hepatitis B: influence of prior exposure to nucleos(t)ide analogues","volume":"52","author":"Reijnders","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00315-1","article-title":"Under-representation of the WHO African region in clinical trials of interventions against hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Delphin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20939","article-title":"Adefovir rapidly suppresses hepatitis B in HBeAg-negative patients developing genotypic resistance to lamivudine","volume":"42","author":"Lampertico","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26910","article-title":"Assessment of current criteria for primary nonresponse in chronic hepatitis B patients receiving entecavir therapy","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26180","article-title":"Long-term entecavir treatment reduces hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in patients with hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"58","author":"Hosaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24406","article-title":"Entecavir treatment for chronic hepatitis B: adaptation is not needed for the majority of na\u00efve patients with a partial virological response","volume":"54","author":"Zoutendijk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4691","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i37.4691","article-title":"Alanine aminotransferase is an inadequate surrogate marker for detecting lamivudine resistance","volume":"16","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.03.020","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus genotyping: current methods and clinical implications","volume":"14","author":"Guirgis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2021.1913055","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing for the diagnosis of hepatitis B: current status and future prospects","volume":"21","author":"Garcia-Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15941.2","article-title":"Bimodal distribution and set point HBV DNA viral loads in chronic infection: retrospective analysis of cohorts from the UK and South Africa","volume":"5","author":"Downs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3390\/v12030353","article-title":"In vitro systems for studying different genotypes\/sub-genotypes of hepatitis B virus: strengths and limitations","volume":"12","author":"Wose Kinge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib65","article-title":"Centre-specific bacterial pathogen typing affects infection-control decision making","volume":"7","author":"Coolen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e684","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(23)00173-X","article-title":"Checklist for studies of HIV drug resistance prevalence or incidence: rationale and recommended use","volume":"10","author":"Mbuagbaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv363","article-title":"Combined analysis of the prevalence of drug-resistant hepatitis B virus in antiviral therapy-experienced patients in Europe (CAPRE)","volume":"213","author":"Hermans","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25232","article-title":"Genetic variation of hepatitis B surface antigen among acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infections in The Netherlands","volume":"90","author":"Cremer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1146730","article-title":"Strengthening pathogen genomic surveillance for health emergencies: insights from the World Health Organization\u2019s regional initiatives","volume":"11","author":"Akande","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252526","article-title":"Implementation of a COVID-19 genomic surveillance regional network for Latin America and Caribbean region","volume":"17","author":"Leite","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib72","article-title":"Implementation of genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in the Caribbean: lessons learned for sustainability in resource-limited settings","volume":"3","author":"Sahadeo","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004293","article-title":"Recommendations on data sharing in HIV drug resistance research","volume":"20","author":"Inzaule","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00923-6","article-title":"A call to create integrated services to better address the needs of migrants who use drugs in Europe","volume":"21","author":"van Selm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2010.02399.x","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus resistance to antiviral drugs: where are we going?","volume":"31","author":"Zoulim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30119-0","article-title":"A global scientific strategy to cure hepatitis B","volume":"4","author":"Revill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2211764","article-title":"New approaches to chronic hepatitis B","volume":"388","author":"Dusheiko","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["The Lancet Microbe"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666524725000047?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666524725000047?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T21:51:15Z","timestamp":1762638675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666524725000047"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666524725000047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-5247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-5247","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hepatitis B virus resistance to nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy: WHO consultation on questions, challenges, and a roadmap for the field","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Lancet Microbe","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101076","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101076"}}