{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T21:06:52Z","timestamp":1784581612920,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023759","name":"The Kids Research Institute Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023759","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100024245","name":"Wyoming Department of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100024245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T19:28:25Z","timestamp":1770319705000},"page":"101807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["High rates of suppurative otitis media among children attending urban clinics in Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8373-0997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celestine","family":"Aho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2899-4321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Veselinovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Mark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Teine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tola","family":"Goina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Laman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Casparia","family":"Mond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Pomat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Brennan-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Binks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1734-5414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.63","article-title":"Otitis media","volume":"2","author":"Schilder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2004.00360.x","article-title":"Aboriginal perspective on middle ear disease in the arid zone of Western Australia","volume":"40","author":"Jeffries-Stokes","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"10441","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00259-9","article-title":"Chronic suppurative otitis media","volume":"403","author":"Bhutta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"S9","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02925.x","article-title":"Natural history, definitions, risk factors and burden of otitis media","volume":"191","author":"Kong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000118","article-title":"Childhood otitis media: a cohort study with 30-Year Follow-Up of hearing (the HUNT study)","volume":"36","author":"Aarhus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215113003083","article-title":"Otitis media in Indigenous Australian children: review of epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"128","author":"Jervis-Bardy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.85.2.91","article-title":"Behaviour and developmental effects of otitis media with effusion into the teens","volume":"85","author":"Bennett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"10278","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00516-X","article-title":"Hearing loss prevalence and years lived with disability, 1990-2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"397","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib9","first-page":"38","article-title":"The prevalence of chronic suppurative otitis media in children in Port Moresby public clinics","volume":"59","author":"Solomon","year":"2016","journal-title":"PNG Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacrep.2016.08.002","article-title":"Limited impact of neonatal or early infant schedules of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Papua New Guinean children: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Aho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.03.032","article-title":"Epidemiology of otitis media in children from developing countries: a systematic review","volume":"85","author":"DeAntonio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Pediatric Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0577-2","article-title":"The unsolved problem of otitis media in indigenous populations: a systematic review of upper respiratory and middle ear microbiology in indigenous children with otitis media","volume":"6","author":"Coleman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-8-32","article-title":"Absent otoacoustic emissions predict otitis media in young Aboriginal children: a birth cohort study in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in an arid zone of Western Australia","volume":"8","author":"Lehmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.05.011","article-title":"General health, otitis media, nasopharyngeal carriage and middle ear microbiology in Northern Territory Aboriginal children vaccinated during consecutive periods of 10-valent or 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines","volume":"86","author":"Leach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08570-3","article-title":"The social determinants of otitis media in Aboriginal children in Australia: are we addressing the primary causes? A systematic content review","volume":"20","author":"DeLacy","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199411000-00009","article-title":"Bacterial colonization of the nasopharynx predicts very early onset and persistence of otitis media in Australian Aboriginal infants","volume":"13","author":"Leach","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1006","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.Supplement_8.S1006","article-title":"Bacterial colonization of the upper respiratory tract and its association with acute lower respiratory tract infections in highland children of Papua New Guinea","volume":"12","author":"Montgomery","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib18","first-page":"114","article-title":"Colonisation of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the upper respiratory tract of neonates in Papua New Guinea: primary acquisition, duration of carriage, and relationship to carriage in mothers","volume":"50","author":"Gratten","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol Neonate"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00247-09","article-title":"Maternal antibodies to pneumolysin but not to pneumococcal surface protein A delay early pneumococcal carriage in high-risk Papua New Guinean infants","volume":"16","author":"Francis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib21","series-title":"Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Responses in Pregnant Women and Newborns Exposed Prenatally to High Levels of Indoor Air Pollution in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea","author":"Kirarock","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib22","series-title":"Standard Treatment for Common Illnesses of Children in Papua New Guinea. A Manual for Nurses, Community Health Workers, Health Extension Officers and Doctors","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50953","article-title":"Otitis media guidelines for Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children: summary of recommendations","volume":"214","author":"Leach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib24","series-title":"International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.14.1.4","article-title":"High-frequency (1000 Hz) tympanometry in normal neonates","volume":"14","author":"Kei","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Acad Audiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i04","article-title":"Multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE): implementation in stata","volume":"45","author":"Royston","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-9-57","article-title":"Combining estimates of interest in prognostic modelling studies after multiple imputation: current practice and guidelines","volume":"9","author":"Marshall","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2018.08.004","article-title":"Prevalence of ear disease and associated hearing loss among primary school students in the Solomon Islands: otitis media still a major public health issue","volume":"113","author":"Kaspar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036226","article-title":"Burden of disease caused by otitis media: systematic review and global estimates","volume":"7","author":"Monasta","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.224600","article-title":"Provision of hearing care in Pacific Island countries and territories","volume":"97","author":"Thorne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.16378","article-title":"Early onset of otitis media is a strong predictor of subsequent disease in urban Aboriginal infants: Djaalinj Waakinj cohort study","volume":"59","author":"Richmond","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh071","article-title":"Household wood and charcoal smoke increases risk of otitis media in childhood in Maputo","volume":"33","author":"da Costa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666606526000118?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666606526000118?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T20:31:52Z","timestamp":1784579512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666606526000118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S2666606526000118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-6065"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-6065","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"High rates of suppurative otitis media among children attending urban clinics in Goroka, Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea: a cross-sectional study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2026.101807","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101807"}}