{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T03:32:45Z","timestamp":1769052765021,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Leukemia Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T16:28:50Z","timestamp":1757780930000},"page":"108099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Pathogenic mechanisms and targeted therapies for anemia in myelodysplastic syndromes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"158","author":[{"given":"Doudou","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linhua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1147-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruijuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2018.09.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of myelodysplastic syndromes: why characterizing the beast is a prerequisite to taming it","volume":"34","author":"Zeidan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/PPO.0000000000000665","article-title":"Epidemiology and pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Rotter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2020.103067","article-title":"Chronic fatigue in myelodysplastic syndromes: looking beyond anemia","volume":"154","author":"Brownstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib4","article-title":"Impact of anaemia on health-related quality of life and cardiac remodelling in patients with lower risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Results of GlobQoL study","volume":"26","author":"Ramos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Care (Engl)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13619","article-title":"Association between red blood cell transfusion dependence and burden in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Braga Lemos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-024-01217-0","article-title":"Treatment of anemia in lower-risk myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Battaglia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib7","article-title":"Association between transfusion status and clinical and economic outcomes in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes from the Physicians\u2019 perspective","volume":"6","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26812","article-title":"Comparison of the international consensus and 5th WHO edition classifications of adult myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"98","author":"Falini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2111703119","article-title":"SF3B1 Mutant-Induced missplicing of MAP3K7 causes anemia in myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"119","author":"Lieu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"685","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abn5135","article-title":"Vitamin B5 and succinyl-CoA improve ineffective erythropoiesis in SF3B1-mutated myelodysplasia","volume":"15","author":"Mian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.71.0806","article-title":"Clinical implications of genetic mutations in myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Kennedy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2353","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol31050175","article-title":"A brief overview of the molecular landscape of myelodysplastic neoplasms","volume":"31","author":"Abdulbaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2022007504","article-title":"U2AF1 and EZH2 mutations are associated with nonimmune hemolytic anemia in myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"7","author":"Komrokji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-05-853291","article-title":"TET2 deficiency leads to stem cell factor-dependent clonal expansion of dysfunctional erythroid progenitors","volume":"132","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2017.01.002","article-title":"Impact of TET2 deficiency on iron metabolism in erythroblasts","volume":"49","author":"Inokura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092427","article-title":"Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations in myelodysplastic syndromes and in acute myeloid leukemias","volume":"12","author":"Testa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020007075","article-title":"IDH1 mutation contributes to myeloid dysplasia in mice by disturbing heme biosynthesis and erythropoiesis","volume":"137","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10061359","article-title":"2-Hydroxyglutarate in acute myeloid leukemia: a journey from pathogenesis to therapies","volume":"10","author":"Raimondi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib19","article-title":"ASXL1 plays an important role in erythropoiesis","volume":"6","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-021-01137-0","article-title":"Germline variants drive myelodysplastic syndrome in young adults","volume":"35","author":"Feurstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20230725","article-title":"DDX41: exploring the roles of a versatile helicase","volume":"52","author":"Winstone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem Soc. Trans."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2022.02.010","article-title":"DDX41 is needed for pre- and postnatal hematopoietic stem cell differentiation in mice","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2021.08.004","article-title":"Germline DDX41 mutations cause ineffective hematopoiesis and myelodysplasia","volume":"28","author":"Chlon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-023-03558-2","article-title":"Ribosome profiling analysis reveals the roles of DDX41 in translational regulation","volume":"117","author":"Tungalag","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2021.02.006","article-title":"Excessive R-loops trigger an inflammatory cascade leading to increased HSPC production","volume":"56","author":"Weinreb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06477-w","article-title":"Genotype-Integrated Single-Cell transcriptome analysis reveals the role of DDX41 pR525H in a patient with myelodysplastic neoplasms","volume":"15","author":"Matsui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.19585","article-title":"GATA2 heterozygosity causes an epigenetic feedback mechanism resulting in myeloid and erythroid dysplasia","volume":"205","author":"Gioacchino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2016002311","article-title":"Somatic mutations in children with GATA2-Associated myelodysplastic syndrome who lack other features of GATA2 deficiency","volume":"1","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2016.256","article-title":"Mutational profiling of a MonoMAC syndrome family with GATA2 deficiency","volume":"31","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021004845","article-title":"Canonical wnt: a safeguard and threat for erythropoiesis","volume":"5","author":"Krimpenfort","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13207","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes with deletion 5q","volume":"102","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"issue":"338","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf3006","article-title":"Delayed globin synthesis leads to excess heme and the macrocytic anemia of diamond blackfan anemia and Del(5q) myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-023-00422-1","article-title":"Role of innate Immunological\/Inflammatory pathways in myelodysplastic syndromes and AML: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Vegivinti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"issue":"46","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6359","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516394112","article-title":"Reduced DOCK4 expression leads to erythroid dysplasia in myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"112","author":"Sundaravel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib35","article-title":"S. Decreased PGC1\u03b2 expression results in disrupted human erythroid differentiation, impaired hemoglobinization and cell cycle exit","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14666","article-title":"Telomere length is an independent prognostic marker in MDS but not in de novo AML","volume":"178","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"issue":"10423","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01724-5","article-title":"Imetelstat in patients with Lower-Risk myelodysplastic syndromes who have relapsed or are refractory to Erythropoiesis-Stimulating agents (IMerge): a multinational, randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"403","author":"Platzbecker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110805","article-title":"MDS cells impair osteolineage differentiation of MSCs via extracellular vesicles to suppress normal hematopoiesis","volume":"39","author":"Hayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03354-2","article-title":"Dysfunctional bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells are involved in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"20","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020827","article-title":"Clinical and molecular insights in erythropoiesis regulation of signal transduction pathways in myelodysplastic syndromes and \u03b2-Thalassemia","volume":"22","author":"Parisi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2021.103367","article-title":"Iron Overload-Induced oxidative stress in myelodysplastic syndromes and its cellular sequelae","volume":"163","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-013-1294-x","article-title":"High expression of APAF-1 elevates erythroid apoptosis in iron overload myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Gu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2020.106354","article-title":"Iron overload regulate the cytokine of mesenchymal stromal cells through ROS\/HIF-1\u03b1 pathway in myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"93","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.01656","article-title":"Abnormal ferroptosis in myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16156","article-title":"GDF11 contributes to hepatic hepcidin (HAMP) inhibition through SMURF1-Mediated BMP-SMAD signalling suppression","volume":"188","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000357","article-title":"Controversies on the consequences of iron overload and chelation in MDS","volume":"4","author":"Vinchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev294","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory and autoimmune manifestations associated with myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia: a French multicentre retrospective study","volume":"55","author":"Mekinian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.578069","article-title":"Therapeutic lessons to be learned from the role of complement regulators as double-edged sword in health and disease","volume":"11","author":"de Boer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11142249","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibition in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"11","author":"Abaza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20406207231183330","article-title":"Immune dysregulation and potential targeted therapy in myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Hematol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2015.12.008","article-title":"Apoptosis in human myelodysplastic syndrome CD34+ cells is modulated by the upregulation of TLRs and histone H4 acetylation via a \u03b2-Arrestin 1 dependent mechanism","volume":"340","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01236","article-title":"Contribution of aberrant toll like receptor signaling to the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"11","author":"Paracatu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0397-9","article-title":"S100A9-Induced overexpression of PD-1\/PD-L1 contributes to ineffective hematopoiesis in myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"33","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0448-2","article-title":"Transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b2 pathway as a therapeutic target in lower risk myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"33","author":"Bewersdorf","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI133678","article-title":"Biological basis for efficacy of activin receptor ligand traps in myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"130","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-021-01275-5","article-title":"Luspatercept restores SDF-1-mediated hematopoietic support by MDS-derived mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"35","author":"Wobus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"10399","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00874-7","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of luspatercept versus epoetin alfa in erythropoiesis-stimulating agent-naive, transfusion-dependent, lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (COMMANDS): interim analysis of a phase 3, Open-Label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"402","author":"Platzbecker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade8222","article-title":"PI3-Kinase deletion promotes myelodysplasia by dysregulating autophagy in hematopoietic stem cells","volume":"9","author":"Ames","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2023.2221922","article-title":"Unraveling the link between class 1A PI3-Kinase, autophagy, and myelodysplasia","volume":"20","author":"Ames","year":"2024","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.326","article-title":"Age-Related inflammatory bone marrow microenvironment induces ineffective erythropoiesis mimicking Del(5q) MDS","volume":"32","author":"Mei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200731","article-title":"TIRAP drives myelosuppression through an Ifn\u03b3-Hmgb1 axis that disrupts the endothelial niche in mice","volume":"219","author":"Gopal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-11-884486","article-title":"Eltrombopag maintains human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells under inflammatory conditions mediated by IFN-\u03b3","volume":"133","author":"Alvarado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00895-4","article-title":"Blockade of IL-22 signaling reverses erythroid dysfunction in stress-induced anemias","volume":"22","author":"Raundhal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.212217","article-title":"EUMDS registry participants. Impact of red blood cell transfusion dose density on progression-free survival in patients with Lower-Risk myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"105","author":"de Swart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0089-x","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in lower-risk MDS patients compared with age- and sex-matched reference populations: a european LeukemiaNet study","volume":"32","author":"Stauder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-018-3539-7","article-title":"Systematic review and Meta-Analysis of the effect of iron chelation therapy on overall survival and disease progression in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"98","author":"Zeidan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.212332","article-title":"EUMDS registry participants. Impact of treatment with iron chelation therapy in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes participating in the european MDS registry","volume":"105","author":"Hoeks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2024000569","article-title":"Iron overload in acquired sideroblastic anemias and MDS: pathophysiology and role of chelation and luspatercept","volume":"2024","author":"Gattermann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15707","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness and safety of erythropoietin-stimulating agents for the treatment of low- and intermediate-1-risk myelodysplastic syndrome: a systematic literature review","volume":"184","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2024.287055","article-title":"Recombinant human erythropoietin plus all-trans retinoic acid and testosterone undecanoate for the treatment of anemia in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: a multicenter, single-arm, prospective trial","author":"Mei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1398331","article-title":"Experience with luspatercept therapy in patients with transfusion-dependent low-risk myelodysplastic syndromes in real-world clinical practice: exploring the positive effect of combination with erythropoietin alfa","volume":"14","author":"Jonasova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2015.296","article-title":"Lenalidomide with or without erythropoietin in transfusion-dependent erythropoiesis-stimulating agent-refractory lower-risk MDS without 5q deletion","volume":"30","author":"Toma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.01691","article-title":"Lenalidomide-Epoetin alfa versus lenalidomide monotherapy in myelodysplastic syndromes refractory to recombinant erythropoietin","volume":"39","author":"List","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e128","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(24)00350-8","article-title":"Survival and quality of life in patients with lower risk myelodysplastic syndromes exposed to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents: an observational cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Garelius","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.01.021","article-title":"Efficacy of granulocyte colony stimulating factor in combination with erythropoiesis stimulating agents for treatment of anemia in patients with lower risk myelodysplastic syndromes: a systematic review","volume":"136","author":"Affentranger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases10040085","article-title":"Luspatercept: a new tool for the treatment of anemia related to \u03b2-Thalassemia, myelodysplastic syndromes and primary myelofibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Hatzimichael","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1908892","article-title":"Luspatercept in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"382","author":"Fenaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e646","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(24)00203-5","article-title":"Luspatercept versus epoetin alfa in erythropoiesis-stimulating agent-naive, transfusion-dependent, lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (COMMANDS): primary analysis of a phase 3, open-label, randomised, controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Della Porta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hem3.38","article-title":"Treatment patterns and outcomes with luspatercept in patients with Lower-Risk myelodysplastic syndromes: a retrospective US cohort analysis","volume":"8","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.20102","article-title":"Real-life experience of luspatercept in transfusion-dependent lower risk myelodysplastic syndrome patients","volume":"207","author":"Bouchla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20406207251321715","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of luspatercept in treating anemia associated with myelodysplastic syndrome with ring sideroblasts in asian patients who require red blood cell transfusions: a phase II bridging study","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Hematol."},{"issue":"10423","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01724-5","article-title":"Imetelstat in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes who have relapsed or are refractory to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (IMerge): a multinational, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"403","author":"Platzbecker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4209","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023012302","article-title":"Final phase 1 substudy results of ivosidenib for patients with mutant IDH1 relapsed\/refractory myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"DiNardo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2025016718","article-title":"Olutasidenib alone or combined with azacitidine in patients with mutant IDH1 myelodysplastic syndrome","author":"Cortes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"issue":"7559","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14610","article-title":"Lenalidomide induces ubiquitination and degradation of CK1\u03b1 in Del(5q) MDS","volume":"523","author":"Kr\u00f6nke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-024-02161-6","article-title":"Determinants of lenalidomide response with or without erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in myelodysplastic syndromes: the HOVON89 trial","volume":"38","author":"van de Loosdrecht","year":"2024","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16206","article-title":"How we manage adults with myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"189","author":"Fenaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.66.0118","article-title":"Randomized phase III study of lenalidomide versus placebo in RBC transfusion-dependent patients with lower-risk non-Del(5q) myelodysplastic syndromes and ineligible for or refractory to Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents","volume":"34","author":"Santini","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2025.0013","article-title":"NCCN Guidelines\u00ae insights: myelodysplastic syndromes, version 2.2025","volume":"23","author":"Greenberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2022.11.002","article-title":"Azacitidine monotherapy in patients with Treatment-Na\u00efve Higher-Risk myelodysplastic syndrome: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e516","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(25)00103-6","article-title":"Bexmarilimab plus azacitidine for High-Risk myelodysplastic syndrome and relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukaemia: results from the dose-escalation part of a multicentre, single-arm, phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"12","author":"Kontro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024025464","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of venetoclax plus azacitidine for patients with treatment-naive high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"145","author":"Garcia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib93","first-page":"1628","article-title":"A phase II trial of azacitidine with ipilimumab, nivolumab, or ipilimumab and nivolumab in previously untreated myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"110","author":"Bouligny","year":"2025","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.204849","article-title":"Decitabine: an effective and safe treatment for myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"15","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/16078454.2025.2485493","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of decitabine combined with arsenic trioxide in elderly High-Risk myelodysplastic neoplasm patients: a retrospective study","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-010355","article-title":"Sintilimab plus decitabine for higher-risk treatment-na\u00efve myelodysplastic syndromes: efficacy, safety, and biomarker analysis of a phase II, single-arm trial","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.27410","article-title":"Roxadustat versus placebo for patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndrome: MATTERHORN phase 3, double-blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"99","author":"Mittelman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1002\/jha2.1057","article-title":"Successful treatment of low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome-related anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease with daprodustat: a report of two cases","volume":"5","author":"Kunimoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"EJHaem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3390\/hematolrep15010019","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl-hydroxylase and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for low-risk myelodysplastic syndrome-related anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a report of three cases","volume":"15","author":"Yamasaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hematol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2018.03.007","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the CD95-Ligand inhibitor asunercept in transfusion-dependent patients with low and intermediate risk MDS","volume":"68","author":"Boch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-024-05748-2","article-title":"Letter to editor: treatment with the apoptosis inhibitor asunercept reduces clone sizes in patients with lower risk myelodysplastic neoplasms","volume":"103","author":"Zaidi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-024-05664-5","article-title":"Treatment with the apoptosis inhibitor asunercept reduces clone sizes in patients with lower risk myelodysplastic neoplasms","volume":"103","author":"Streuer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-021-01328-9","article-title":"Phase I First-in-Human dose escalation study of the oral SF3B1 modulator H3B-8800 in myeloid neoplasms","volume":"35","author":"Steensma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.02342","article-title":"Eprenetapopt plus azacitidine in TP53-mutated myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia: a phase II study by the groupe francophone des My\u00e9lodysplasies (GFM)","volume":"39","author":"Cluzeau","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01657-3","article-title":"Addition of the nuclear export inhibitor selinexor to standard intensive treatment for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia and high risk myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Janssen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1477697","article-title":"Selinexor in combination with venetoclax and decitabine in patients with refractory myelodysplastic syndrome previously exposed to hypomethylating agents: three case reports","volume":"14","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2022.2034155","article-title":"Pembrolizumab for myelodysplastic syndromes after failure of hypomethylating agents in the phase 1b KEYNOTE-013 study","volume":"63","author":"Garcia-Manero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17689","article-title":"Phase II study of azacitidine with pembrolizumab in patients with Intermediate-1 or higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"195","author":"Chien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54290-2","article-title":"The IL-1\u03b2 inhibitor canakinumab in previously treated lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: a phase 2 clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Rodriguez-Sevilla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5865","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12185865","article-title":"Israel MDS working group. Mds-related anemia is associated with impaired quality of life but improvement is not always achieved by increased hemoglobin level","volume":"12","author":"Haring","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-021-04654-1","article-title":"MDS-RIGHT partners. The Anemia-Independent impact of myelodysplastic syndromes on health-related quality of life","volume":"100","author":"Wouters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."}],"container-title":["Leukemia Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145212625005892?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0145212625005892?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T15:38:27Z","timestamp":1762270707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0145212625005892"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":111,"alternative-id":["S0145212625005892"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099","relation":{},"ISSN":["0145-2126"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0145-2126","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pathogenic mechanisms and targeted therapies for anemia in myelodysplastic syndromes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Leukemia Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.leukres.2025.108099","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108099"}}