{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T07:02:54Z","timestamp":1779260574232,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Three Agricultural and Six-Party Research Cooperation Project of Zhejiang Province, China","award":["CTZB-F180706LWZ-SNY1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CTZB-F180706LWZ-SNY1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Life Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T21:42:50Z","timestamp":1579902170000},"page":"117353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Optimization for galactooligosaccharides synthesis: A potential alternative for gut health and immunity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"245","author":[{"given":"Geng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lujie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Umar","family":"Yaqoob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiping","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanjing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2016.04.003","article-title":"From by-product to valuable components: efficient enzymatic conversion of lactose in whey using \u03b2-galactosidase from streptococcus thermophilus","volume":"116","author":"Geiger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2008.03.008","article-title":"Whey and whey proteins-from \u2018gutter-to-gold\u2019","volume":"18","author":"Smithers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8564-2","article-title":"Oligosaccharide biotechnology: an approach of prebiotic revolution on the industry","volume":"102","author":"Mano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.1195","article-title":"Production of galacto-oligosaccharides from lactose by Aspergillus oryzae beta-galactosidase immobilized on cotton cloth","volume":"77","author":"Albayrak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.03.022","article-title":"Enhancement of fructosyltransferase and fructooligosaccharides production by a. oryzae dia-mf in solid-state fermentation using aguamiel as culture medium","volume":"213","author":"Mu\u00f1izm\u00e1rquez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresource. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2014.09.010","article-title":"Galactooligosaccharides reduce infection caused by listeria monocytogenes, and modulate IgG and IgA levels in mice","volume":"41","author":"Sangwan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0035","first-page":"758","article-title":"Dietary fructooligosaccharides induce immunoregulation of intestinal IgA secretion by murine Peyer's patch cells, Biosci. Biotech","volume":"67","author":"Hosono","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioch."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.5712","article-title":"Production, health aspects and potential food uses of dairy prebiotic galactooligosaccharides","volume":"92","author":"Lamsal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-016-2159-4","article-title":"Synthesis and purification of galacto-oligosaccharides: state of the art","volume":"32","author":"Vera","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1021\/bp010167b","article-title":"Immobilization of \u03b2-galactosidase on fibrous matrix by polyethyleneimine for production of galacto-oligosaccharides from lactose","volume":"18","author":"Albayrak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0055","first-page":"1","article-title":"In vitro prebiotic potential of agricultural by-products on intestinal fermentation, gut barrier and inflammatory status of piglets","volume":"8","author":"Uerlings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0060","series-title":"Nucleic Acid Techniques in Bacterial Systematics","first-page":"115","article-title":"Lane, 16S\/23S rRNA sequencing","author":"D.J","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2004.02409.x","article-title":"Development of an extensive set of 16s rDNA-targeted primers for quantification of pathogenic and indigenous bacteria in faecal samples by real-time PCR","volume":"97","author":"Rinttil\u00e3","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12142","article-title":"Influence of coffee (Coffea arabica) and galacto-oligosaccharide consumption on intestinal microbiota and the host responses","volume":"343","author":"Nakayama","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.031245","article-title":"Identification and quantitation of mucosal and faecal desulfovibrios using real time polymerase chain reaction","volume":"53","author":"Fite","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0080","first-page":"465","article-title":"High stability of immobilized \u03b2-d-galactosidase for lactose hydrolysis and galactooligosaccharides synthesis, Carbohyd","volume":"95","author":"Klein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.W. Yang, R.J. Gao, Y. Zhou, S. Anankanbil, J.B. Li, G.Q. Xie, et al., \u03b2-glucosidase from thermotoga naphthophila rku-10 for exclusive synthesis of galactotrisaccharides: kinetics and thermodynamics insight into reaction mechanism, Food. Chem. 240 (2018) 422\u2013429.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.07.155"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3109\/07388550903330497","article-title":"\u03b2-Galactosidases and their potential application: a review","volume":"30","author":"Husain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2015.01.003","article-title":"Synthesis of galactooligosaccharides using sweet and acid whey as a substrate","volume":"48","author":"Fischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.030","article-title":"Enzymes and nanoparticles: modulation of enzymatic activity via nanoparticles","volume":"118","author":"Arsalan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.1021\/jf063126+","article-title":"Enzymatic production of galactooligosaccharides by beta-galactosidase from bifidobacterium longum BCRC 15708","volume":"55","author":"Hsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agr. Food. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0110","first-page":"745","article-title":"Illanes, determination of the transgalactosylation activity of aspergillus oryzae \u03b2-galactosidase: effect of pH, temperature, and galactose and glucose concentrations, Carbohyd","volume":"346","author":"Vera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.20357","article-title":"Synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharide from lactose using beta-galactosidase from kluyveromyces lactis: studies on batch and continuous UF membrane-fitted bioreactors","volume":"89","author":"Chockchaisawasdee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5937\/FFR1701001C","article-title":"Optimization of galacto-oligosacharides synthesis using response surface methodology","volume":"44","author":"Carevi\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food and Feed Research."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.01.030","article-title":"Reaction kinetics and galactooligosaccharide product profiles of the \u03b2-galactosidases from bacillus circulans, kluyveromyces lactis and aspergillus oryzae","volume":"225","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1021\/bp010167b","article-title":"Immobilization of \u03b2-galactosidase on fibrous matrix by polyethyleneimine for production of galacto-oligosaccharides from lactose","volume":"18","author":"Albayrak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12479","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of synbiotics on growth performance, intestinal morphology, sIgA content and antioxidant capacities of broilers","volume":"100","author":"Min","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2012.07.028","article-title":"Effects of montmorillonite\u2013zinc oxide hybrid on performance, diarrhea, intestinal permeability and morphology of weanling pigs","volume":"177","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO01720K","article-title":"Effects of a galacto-oligosaccharide-rich diet on fecal microbiota and metabolite profiles in mice","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food. Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5196-x","article-title":"Prebiotic inulin supplementation modulates the immune response and restores gut morphology in Giardia duodenalis-infected malnourished mice","volume":"115","author":"Shukla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitolo. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2536","article-title":"Turning \u2018sweet\u2019 on immunity: galectin-glycan interactions in immune tolerance and inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Rabinovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0160","first-page":"156","article-title":"Evaluation of prebiotic effects of high-purity galactooligosaccharides in vitro and In vivo","volume":"54","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fod. Technol. Biotech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0165","first-page":"47","article-title":"Effects of feeding galactomannan oligosaccharides on growth performance, serum antibody levels and intestinal microbiota in newly-weaned pigs","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Food. Agr. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.105007","article-title":"Prebiotics modulate immune responses in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue of chickens","volume":"139","author":"Janardhana","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2013.130514","article-title":"Determination of reference intervals for serum complement C3 and C4 levels in chinese Han ethnic males","volume":"60","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Lab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0180","series-title":"Immunoglobulin","author":"Justiz","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11942","DOI":"10.1021\/jf3036403","article-title":"Exposure to a galactooligosaccharides\/inulin prebiotic mix at different developmental time points differentially modulates immune responses in mice","volume":"60","author":"Gourbeyre","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0046-y","article-title":"Biology and regulation of IL-2: from molecular mechanisms to human therapy","volume":"18","author":"Spolsk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201300497","article-title":"Prebiotic oligosaccharides directly modulate proinflammatory cytokine production in monocytes via activation of TLR4","volume":"58","author":"Capit\u00e1n-Ca\u00f1adas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1021\/jf304354u","article-title":"Detailed analysis of galactooligosaccharides synthesis with \u03b2-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae","volume":"61","author":"Urrutia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.05.026","article-title":"Galactooligosaccharides derived from lactose and lactulose: influence of structure on lactobacillus, streptococcus and bifidobacterium growth","volume":"149","author":"Cardelle-Cobas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6920","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01030-06","article-title":"Prebiotic galactooligosaccharides reduce adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to tissue culture cells","volume":"74","author":"Shoaf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2015.0114","article-title":"High purity galacto-oligosaccharides enhance specific\\r Bifidobacterium\\r species and their metabolic activity in the mouse gut microbiome","volume":"7","author":"Monteagudo-Mera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018867516575","article-title":"Sulfur metabolism in ulcerative colitis. Investigation of detoxification enzymes in peripheral blood","volume":"43","author":"Pitcher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006838231432","article-title":"Sulfides impair short chain fatty acid beta oxidation at acyl-CoA dehydrogenase level in colonocytes: implications for ulcerative colitis","volume":"181","author":"Babidge","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."}],"container-title":["Life Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0024320520301004?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0024320520301004?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T20:28:47Z","timestamp":1758400127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0024320520301004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0024320520301004"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353","relation":{},"ISSN":["0024-3205"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0024-3205","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Optimization for galactooligosaccharides synthesis: A potential alternative for gut health and immunity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Life Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117353","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"117353"}}