{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T20:13:13Z","timestamp":1776024793882,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Life Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T22:58:26Z","timestamp":1596322706000},"page":"118185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The immune system as a target for therapy of SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review of the current immunotherapies for COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"378","author":[{"given":"Amir Hossein","family":"Mansourabadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Sadeghalvad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamid-Reza","family":"Mohammadi-Motlagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.29333\/ejgm\/7850","article-title":"The possible immunological pathways for the variable immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 infections among healthy adults, elderly and children","volume":"17","author":"Abdulamir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electron J.Gen. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein","volume":"181","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2020.04.021","article-title":"COVID-19: developing from an outbreak to a pandemic","author":"Hanaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0020","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-19: a chimera of two pandemics","author":"Jabbari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2762","article-title":"Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2","volume":"367","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0030","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells via a novel route: CD147-spike protein","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960","article-title":"Structural and molecular modeling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"55","author":"Fantini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0040","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2\u2013a tough opponent for the immune system","author":"Golshani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200490","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a perspective from China","author":"Zu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101623","article-title":"Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Rodriguez-Morales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Di."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2020.162","article-title":"Borderless collaboration is needed for COVID-19; a disease that knows no borders","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0281","article-title":"All together to fight novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19)","volume":"102","author":"Momtazmanesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.05.044","article-title":"COVID-19: transmission, prevention, and potential therapeutic opportunities","volume":"508","author":"Lotfi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14336","article-title":"Handling of allergen immunotherapy in the COVID-19 pandemic: an ARIA-EAACI statement","volume":"75","author":"Klimek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106455","article-title":"The possible of immunotherapy for COVID-19: a systematic review","volume":"83","author":"AminJafari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4103\/CRST.CRST_129_20","article-title":"Immunotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"3","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Stat. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106560","article-title":"Towards treatment planning of COVID-19: rationale and hypothesis for the use of multiple immunosuppressive agents: anti-antibodies, immunoglobulins, and corticosteroids","volume":"84","author":"Saghazadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117900","article-title":"The immune system and COVID-19: friend or foe?","volume":"256","author":"Yazdanpanah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2107","article-title":"Immune responses and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 during an outbreak in Iran: comparison with SARS and MERS","volume":"30","author":"Rokni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0100","first-page":"1","article-title":"The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine pipeline: an overview","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Trop. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0105","first-page":"147","article-title":"A review on the mechanisms involved in the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"22","author":"Karimi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0110","article-title":"Long-term coexistence of SARS-CoV-2 with antibody response in COVID-19 patients","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0115","series-title":"Regulation of Interferon Production as a Potential Strategy for COVID-19 Treatment, arXiv Preprint","author":"Deng","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2020.03.018","article-title":"An epidemiological study exploring a possible impact of treatment with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers on ACE2 plasma concentrations","volume":"141","author":"Wild","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.105996","article-title":"Severe respiratory SARS-CoV2 infection: does ACE2 receptor matter?","author":"Perrotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10050852","article-title":"On facing the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) with combination of nanomaterials and medicine: possible strategies and first challenges","volume":"10","author":"Sivasankarapillai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05985-9","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104850","article-title":"Liu Shen capsule shows antiviral and anti-inflammatory abilities against novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 via suppression of NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"158","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa037","article-title":"Elevated plasma level of selective cytokines in COVID-19 patients reflect viral load and lung injury","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0150","first-page":"1","article-title":"The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak\u2013an update on the status","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-020-00207-4","article-title":"Understanding SARS-CoV-2-mediated inflammatory responses: from mechanisms to potential therapeutic tools","volume":"35","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0160","article-title":"Exuberant elevation of IP-10, MCP-3 and IL-1ra during SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with disease severity and fatal outcome","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.23812\/CONTI-E","article-title":"Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and lung inflammation by Coronavirus-19 (COVI-19 or SARS-CoV-2): anti-inflammatory strategies","volume":"34","author":"Conti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3390\/v12040372","article-title":"Virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control of COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa150","article-title":"Characteristics of peripheral lymphocyte subset alteration in COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"221","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26123","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: a comprehensive review from pathogenicity of the virus to clinical consequences","author":"Lotfi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2020.02.010","article-title":"Pulmonary pathology of early phase 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia in two patients with lung cancer","volume":"15","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thoracic. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2020.1750954","article-title":"Immune-epidemiological parameters of the novel coronavirus \u2013 a perspective","volume":"16","author":"Saghazadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2020.03.001","article-title":"Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25681","article-title":"Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2011.0024","article-title":"Human-leukocyte antigen class I Cw 1502 and class II DR 0301 genotypes are associated with resistance to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infection","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11403","article-title":"Lymphopenia in COVID-19: therapeutic opportunities","author":"Fathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI84428","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing anti-influenza antibodies require Fc receptor engagement for in vivo protection","volume":"126","author":"DiLillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2090","article-title":"The spike protein of SARS-CoV\u2014a target for vaccine and therapeutic development","volume":"7","author":"Du","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbio."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071546","article-title":"B cell antigen receptor signaling: roles in cell development and disease","volume":"296","author":"Gauld","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2005.07.005","article-title":"Anti-SARS-CoV IgG response in relation to disease severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e149","article-title":"Use of convalescent plasma therapy in two COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in Korea","volume":"35","author":"Ahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.039","article-title":"Treatment with convalescent plasma for critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"158","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25882","article-title":"Treatment with convalescent plasma for COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4783","article-title":"Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma","volume":"323","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9490","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004168117","article-title":"Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"117","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0275","article-title":"Effect of convalescent plasma therapy on viral shedding and survival in COVID-19 patients","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25870","article-title":"COVID-19: herd immunity and convalescent plasma transfer therapy","author":"Syal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10970","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2005615117","article-title":"Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab","volume":"117","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25897","article-title":"Off-label use of tocilizumab in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Di Giambenedetto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0295","first-page":"4040","article-title":"Eculizumab treatment in patients with COVID-19: preliminary results from real life ASL Napoli 2 Nord experience","volume":"24","author":"Diurno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15935","article-title":"Covid-19 pneumonia in a kidney transplant recipient successfully treated with Tocilizumab and Hydroxychloroquine","volume":"20","author":"Fontana","year":"2020","journal-title":"A. J. Transplant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.03.300","article-title":"Tocilizumab, an anti-IL6 receptor antibody, to treat Covid-19-related respiratory failure: a case report","volume":"31","author":"Michot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020001907","article-title":"First case of COVID-19 in a patient with multiple myeloma successfully treated with tocilizumab","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217442","article-title":"COVID-19 in a patient with systemic sclerosis treated with tocilizumab for SSc-ILD","volume":"79","author":"Mihai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25907","article-title":"Letter to the Editor: acute hypertriglyceridemia in patients with COVID-19 receiving tocilizumab","author":"Morrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25833","article-title":"Rapid and severe Covid-19 pneumonia with severe acute chest syndrome in a sickle cell patient successfully treated with tocilizumab","author":"De Luna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2020.03.010","article-title":"Favorable changes of CT findings in a patient with COVID-19 pneumonia after treatment with tocilizumab","author":"Cellina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagn Interv. Imaging."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15985","article-title":"Clinical course of COVID-19 in a liver transplant recipient on hemodialysis and response to tocilizumab therapy: a case report","author":"Hammami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25855","article-title":"Dramatic improvement after Tocilizumab of a severe COVID-19 in a child with sickle cell disease and acute chest syndrome","author":"Odi\u00e8vre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.04.024","article-title":"Use of tocilizumab for COVID-19-induced cytokine release syndrome: a cautionary case report","volume":"158","author":"Radbel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25801","article-title":"Tocilizumab treatment in COVID-19: a single center experience","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0355","first-page":"v1","article-title":"Clinical remission of a critically ill COVID-19 patient treated by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"2","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChinaXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2020.01012","article-title":"Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"14","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01020","article-title":"Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV)","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2020.0228","article-title":"Transplantation of ACE2-mesenchymal stem cells improves the outcome of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"11","author":"Leng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0375","article-title":"Effect of regular intravenous immunoglobulin therapy on prognosis of severe pneumonia in patients with COVID-19","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Inf. Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa102","article-title":"High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin as a therapeutic option for deteriorating patients with coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0385","first-page":"18","article-title":"Frontier therapeutics and vaccine strategies for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): a review","volume":"49","author":"Sheikhshahrokh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq106","article-title":"Convalescent plasma treatment reduced mortality in patients with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection","volume":"52","author":"Hung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1271-9","article-title":"Use of convalescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong","volume":"24","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00139","article-title":"Meta-analysis: convalescent blood products for Spanish influenza pneumonia: a future H5N1 treatment?","volume":"145","author":"Luke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-005-0004-z","article-title":"Treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Lai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.00956.x","article-title":"Retrospective comparison of convalescent plasma with continuing high-dose methylprednisolone treatment in SARS patients","volume":"10","author":"Soo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-1105-5","article-title":"Combination of ELISA screening and seroneutralisation tests to expedite Zika virus seroprevalence studies","volume":"15","author":"Nurtop","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110337","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody as a potential anti-COVID-19","volume":"129","author":"Jahanshahlu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20944","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of humanized recombinant anti\u2013interleukin-6 receptor antibody in children with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"52","author":"Yokota","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-12-4602","article-title":"Humanized anti\u2013interleukin-6 receptor antibody treatment of multicentric Castleman disease","volume":"106","author":"Nishimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.01.012","article-title":"A pilot randomized trial of a human anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody in active Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"126","author":"Ito","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1215134","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor\u2013modified T cells for acute lymphoid leukemia","volume":"368","author":"Grupp","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V94.7.2217.419k02_2217_2224","article-title":"Cytokine-release syndrome in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and high lymphocyte counts after treatment with an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab, IDEC-C2B8)","volume":"94","author":"Winkler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0639-8","article-title":"Cytokine storm and sepsis disease pathogenesis","volume":"39","author":"Chousterman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Hang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0629-x","article-title":"Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology","volume":"39","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immuno. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0465","first-page":"95","article-title":"Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"136","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. ExpImmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i21","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.59.suppl_1.i21","article-title":"Anti-interleukin 6 antibody treatment in rheumatic disease","volume":"59","author":"Nishimoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0480","article-title":"Tocilizumab treatment in severe COVID-19 patients attenuates the inflammatory storm incited by monocyte centric immune interactions revealed by single-cell analysis","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0485","first-page":"1","article-title":"A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1729069","article-title":"Potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus spike protein by a SARS coronavirus-specific human monoclonal antibody","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.5.1840","article-title":"Induction of NK activity in murine and human cells by CpG motifs in oligodeoxynucleotides and bacterial DNA","volume":"157","author":"Ballas","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.4.778-809.2001","article-title":"Antiviral actions of interferons","volume":"14","author":"Samuel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2014.07.015","article-title":"Interferons: success in anti-viral immunotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0510","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 sensitive to type I interferon pretreatment","author":"Lokugamage","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2005.02834.x","article-title":"Clinical uses of intravenous immunoglobulin","volume":"142","author":"Jolles","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357ra124","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aag1153","article-title":"IVIG-mediated protection against necrotizing pneumonia caused by MRSA","volume":"8","author":"Diep","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Trans. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2004.04.002","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin for infectious diseases: back to the pre-antibiotic and passive prophylaxis era?","volume":"25","author":"Bayry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1086\/525263","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection in patients with hematological diseases: single-center study and review of the literature","volume":"46","author":"Khanna","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1005.030640","article-title":"Clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and treatment outcomes of SARS patients","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7326\/M13-2486","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection","volume":"160","author":"Arabi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2020.1679628","article-title":"The potential of mesenchymal stem cell therapy for chronic lung disease","volume":"14","author":"Cruz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5416","article-title":"Low levels of TGF-\u03b21 enhance human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell fibronectin production and extend survival time in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.19-0205","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Abraham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0560","first-page":"E71","article-title":"Expanded umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) as a therapeutic strategy in managing critically ill COVID-19 patients: the case for compassionate use","volume":"23","author":"Atluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Physician."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310712","volume":"121","author":"Bartolucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-01596-9","article-title":"Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells and their derivatives effectively promotes liver regeneration to attenuate acetaminophen-induced liver injury","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0106-1","article-title":"Potential targeted therapy and diagnosis based on novel insight into growth factors, receptors, and downstream effectors in acute kidney injury and acute kidney injury-chronic kidney disease progression","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Targeted Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E85","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2020\/23\/E85","article-title":"Bone marrow concentrate (BMC) therapy in musculoskeletal disorders: evidence-based policy position statement of American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP)","volume":"23","author":"Centeno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Physician."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2019.22.s1","article-title":"Responsible, safe, and effective use of biologics in the management of low back pain: American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) guidelines","volume":"22","author":"Navani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0590","first-page":"1","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for the treatment of hip osteonecrosis: a 30-year review of progress","volume":"8","author":"Hernigou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinortho Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.544","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of human mesenchymal stem cells is mediated in part from secretion of the antimicrobial peptide LL-37","volume":"28","author":"Krasnodembskaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5303048","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of mesenchymal stem cells: therapeutic potential for cystic fibrosis infection and treatment","volume":"2016","author":"Sutton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v6.i2.195","article-title":"Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells: their advantages and potential clinical utility","volume":"6","author":"Nagamura-Inoue","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Stem cells"}],"container-title":["Life Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0024320520309371?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0024320520309371?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T15:23:18Z","timestamp":1751210598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0024320520309371"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":121,"alternative-id":["S0024320520309371"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185","relation":{},"ISSN":["0024-3205"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0024-3205","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The immune system as a target for therapy of SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review of the current immunotherapies for COVID-19","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Life Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118185","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118185"}}