{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T17:06:48Z","timestamp":1782320808791,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Life Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T18:20:27Z","timestamp":1635272427000},"page":"120094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Persistent exercise fatigue and associative learning deficits in combination with transient glucose dyshomeostasis in a mouse model of Gulf War Illness"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"289","author":[{"given":"Elena V.","family":"Kozlova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Carabelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony E.","family":"Bishay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximillian E.","family":"Denys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devi B.","family":"Chinthirla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmin D.","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ansel","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole I.","family":"zur Nieden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita C.","family":"Curr\u00e1s-Collazo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb2005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120153","article-title":"Induction of distinct neuroinflammatory markers and gut dysbiosis by differential pyridostigmine bromide dosing in a chronic mouse model of GWI showing persistent exercise fatigue and cognitive impairment","author":"Kozlova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001716","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic multisymptom illness\/gulf war illness over time among millennium cohort participants, 2001 to 2016","volume":"62","author":"Porter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.10.992","article-title":"Prevalence and patterns of gulf war illness in Kansas veterans: association of symptoms with characteristics of person, place, and time of military service","volume":"152","author":"Steele","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0015","series-title":"Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War, Update 2009, Gulf War and Health: Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16010111","article-title":"Gulf War illness: unifying hypothesis for a continuing health problem","volume":"16","author":"Mawson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0025","first-page":"24","article-title":"Brain function in gulf war illness (GWI) and associated mental health comorbidities","volume":"3","author":"Engdahl","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.08.022","article-title":"Recent research on Gulf War illness and other health problems in veterans of the 1991 Gulf War: effects of toxicant exposures during deployment","volume":"74","author":"White","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4295","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0711986105","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and Gulf War illnesses","volume":"105","author":"Golomb","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-012-8192-z","article-title":"Lipidomic profiling of phosphocholine-containing brain lipids in mice with sensorimotor deficits and anxiety-like features after exposure to Gulf War agents","volume":"14","author":"Abdullah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1006\/nbdi.2002.0524","article-title":"Disruption of the blood-brain barrier and neuronal cell death in cingulate cortex, dentate gyrus, thalamus, and hypothalamus in a rat model of Gulf-War syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Abdel-Rahman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.158","article-title":"Mood and memory deficits in a model of Gulf War illness are linked with reduced neurogenesis, partial neuron loss, and mild inflammation in the hippocampus","volume":"38","author":"Parihar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2017.03.002","article-title":"Screening for novel central nervous system biomarkers in veterans with Gulf War Illness","volume":"61","author":"Abou-Donia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1296-1382","article-title":"Pyridostigmine brain penetration under stress enhances neuronal excitability and induces early immediate transcriptional response","volume":"2","author":"Friedman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.08.025","article-title":"Prefrontal acetylcholine release controls cue detection on multiple timescales","volume":"56","author":"Parikh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6168","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201802572R","article-title":"Gastrointestinal neuroimmune disruption in a mouse model of Gulf War illness","volume":"33","author":"Hernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0075","series-title":"Volume 10: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War, Gulf War and Health: Volume 10: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War, 2016","author":"National Academies of Sciences","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0080","series-title":"Chronic Multisymptom Illness in Gulf War Veterans: Case Definitions Reexamined","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1080\/00039890209601419","article-title":"Chronic fatigue in a population-based study of Gulf War veterans","volume":"57","author":"McCauley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0b013e3181a2feeb","article-title":"Health of US veterans of 1991 Gulf War: a follow-up survey in 10 years","volume":"51","author":"Kang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2633105520952675","article-title":"Changes in health status in the Ft. Devens Gulf War Veterans Cohort: 1997-2017","volume":"15","author":"Zundel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Insights"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0515","article-title":"Chronic fatigue in type 1 diabetes: highly prevalent but not explained by hyperglycemia or glucose variability","volume":"37","author":"Goedendorp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16060949","article-title":"Rates of chronic medical conditions in 1991 Gulf War veterans compared to the general population","volume":"16","author":"Zundel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.12.030","article-title":"Anxiety, neuroinflammation, cholinergic and GABAergic abnormalities are early markers of Gulf War illness in a mouse model of the disease","volume":"1681","author":"Carreras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0115","series-title":"Gulf War Illness and the Health of Gulf War Veterans: Research Update and Recommendations, 2009-2013","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2009.130","article-title":"Predictable chronic mild stress improves mood, hippocampal neurogenesis and memory","volume":"16","author":"Parihar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0125","series-title":"Gulf War and Health: Volume 1: Depleted Uranium, Sarin, Pyridostigmine Bromide, and Vaccines","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.177703","article-title":"A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human","volume":"7","author":"Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0135","author":"U.S. Epa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2004.20","article-title":"Evaluation of a quantitative magnetic resonance method for mouse whole body composition analysis","volume":"12","author":"Tinsley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.471","article-title":"Evaluation of a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging system for whole body composition analysis in rodents","volume":"18","author":"Nixon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0150","first-page":"44","article-title":"Accuracy of 5 point-of-care glucometers in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"57","author":"Morley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0155","first-page":"7","article-title":"Half life of injected 125I-insulin in control and ob\/ob mice","volume":"27","author":"Cresto","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Lat. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5291.1507","article-title":"Intravenous glucose tolerance as a tool in definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus","volume":"1","author":"Lundbaek","year":"1962","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.006239","article-title":"NIH mouse metabolic phenotyping center consortium, standard operating procedures for describing and performing metabolic tests of glucose homeostasis in mice","volume":"3","author":"Ayala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12584","article-title":"BORIS: a free, versatile open-source event-logging software for video\/audio coding and live observations","volume":"7","author":"Friard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.028886","article-title":"Endurance capacity of mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running","volume":"212","author":"Meek","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/laban.1196","article-title":"Constructing an inexpensive and versatile homemade rodent treadmill","volume":"46","author":"Bouganim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2007.516","article-title":"The regular and light\u2013dark Suok tests of anxiety and sensorimotor integration: utility for behavioral characterization in laboratory rodents","volume":"3","author":"Kalueff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00175185","article-title":"Stretched attend posture, a non-social form of ambivalence, is sensitive to a conflict-reducing drug action","volume":"89","author":"Kaesermann","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0195","first-page":"1537371","volume":"2018","author":"Benneh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Depress.Res. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx168","article-title":"Prenatal ethanol exposure and neocortical development: a transgenerational model of FASD","volume":"28","author":"Abbott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(02)00307-0","article-title":"Central mechanisms of motor skill learning","volume":"12","author":"Hikosaka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(02)00376-5","article-title":"Influence of task parameters on rotarod performance and sensitivity to ethanol in mice","volume":"141","author":"Rustay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.12.1669","article-title":"Effects of sleep deprivation on memory in mice: role of state-dependent learning","volume":"33","author":"Patti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)01589-2","article-title":"Effects of discrete kainic acid-induced hippocampal lesions on spatial and contextual learning and memory in rats","volume":"716","author":"Stubley-Weatherly","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4736","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1177-08.2008","article-title":"Ca-stimulated type 8 adenylyl cyclase is required for rapid acquisition of novel spatial information and for working\/episodic-like memory","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)09094-9","article-title":"The evaluation of the analgesic action of pethidine hydrochloride (demerol)","volume":"80","author":"Woolfe","year":"1944","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470942390.mo110116","article-title":"Behavioral measures of pain thresholds","volume":"1","author":"Minett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(88)90157-X","article-title":"A new one-trial test for neurobiological studies of memory in rats. 1: behavioral data","volume":"31","author":"Ennaceur","year":"1988","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2019.106840","article-title":"Sex-specific effects of perinatal FireMaster\u00ae 550 (FM 550) exposure on socioemotional behavior in prairie voles","volume":"79","author":"Gillera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotoxicol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2018.01.001","article-title":"Rigor and reproducibility in rodent behavioral research","volume":"165","author":"Gulinello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14658","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15306-8","article-title":"Activation of G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir3\/GirK) channels rescues hippocampal functions in a mouse model of early amyloid-\u03b2 pathology","volume":"7","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1037\/h0071444","article-title":"Emotional behavior in the rat. I. Defecation and urination as measures of individual differences in emotionality","volume":"18","author":"Hall","year":"1934","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077579","article-title":"Memory deficits associated with senescence: a neurophysiological and behavioral study in the rat","volume":"93","author":"Barnes","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-018-1589-y","article-title":"Assessment of spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze task in rodents-methodological consideration","volume":"392","author":"Gawel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Naunyn. SchmiedebergsArch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2020.108579","article-title":"A modified Barnes maze for an accurate assessment of spatial learning in mice","volume":"334","author":"Illouz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130100694","article-title":"Sensitivity to the effects of pharmacologically selective antidepressants in different strains of mice","volume":"155","author":"Lucki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.02.022","article-title":"Drug-dependent requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis in a model of depression and of antidepressant reversal","volume":"64","author":"Surget","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0290","series-title":"Mood and Anxiety Related Phenotypes in Mice: Characterization Using Behavioral Tests","first-page":"21","article-title":"Analysis of grooming behavior and its utility in studying animal stress, anxiety, and depression","author":"Smolinsky","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3791\/3769-v","article-title":"The tail suspension test","author":"Can","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00177912","article-title":"The use of a plus-maze to measure anxiety in the mouse","volume":"92","author":"Lister","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1120","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usz471","article-title":"Gulf War illness symptom severity and onset: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"185","author":"Fappiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2006.22.323","article-title":"Development of miotic cross-tolerance between pyridostigmine and sarin vapor","volume":"22","author":"Dabisch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)13382-X","article-title":"A radioimmunoassay for pyridostigmine","volume":"247","author":"Meyer","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr154","article-title":"Longitudinal health study of US 1991 Gulf War veterans: changes in health status at 10-year follow-up","volume":"174","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0325","first-page":"2764","article-title":"Obesity worsens gulf war illness symptom persistence pathology by linking altered gut microbiome species to long-term gastrointestinal,\u00a0hepatic, and neuronal inflammation in a mouse model","volume":"12","author":"Bose","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66833-w","volume":"10","author":"Angoa-P\u00e9rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwp238","article-title":"Physical, psychological, and functional comorbidities of multisymptom illness in Australian male veterans of the 1991 Gulf War","volume":"170","author":"Kelsall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E312","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00569.2018","article-title":"Pyridostigmine regulates glucose metabolism and mitochondrial homeostasis to reduce myocardial vulnerability to injury in diabetic mice","volume":"317","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0800523","article-title":"Cholinergic enhancement by pyridostigmine increases the insulin response to glucose load in obese patients but not in normal subjects","volume":"21","author":"Del Rio","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-8673.1995.tb00402.x","article-title":"Induction of insulin resistance by cholinergic blockade with atropine in the cat","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Auton. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0355","first-page":"33","article-title":"Dose-related atropine-induced insulin resistance: comparing intraportal versus intravenous administration","volume":"43","author":"Takayama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(95)00033-3","article-title":"Multiple mechanisms involving protein phosphorylation are linked to desensitization of muscarinic receptors","volume":"56","author":"Hosey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.33.25","article-title":"Toxic effects of carbendazim at low dose levels in male rats","volume":"33","author":"Muthuviveganandavel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.02.012","article-title":"Strong associations between low-dose organochlorine pesticides and type 2 diabetes in Korea","volume":"36","author":"Son","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2010.04.006","article-title":"Organophosphorus pesticides as food chain contaminants and type 2 diabetes: a review","volume":"21","author":"Rezg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0380","author":"Montgomery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.12.043","article-title":"Environmental pyrethroid exposure and diabetes in U.S. Adults","volume":"172","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21580","article-title":"Permethrin alters adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and causes insulin resistance in C2C12 myotubes","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.11.047","article-title":"Exposure to permethrin promotes high fat diet-induced weight gain and insulin resistance in male C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"111","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2010.10.065","article-title":"Abnormal glucose regulation in pyrethroid pesticide factory workers","volume":"82","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2019.11.008","article-title":"Post-exertional malaise in veterans with gulf war illness","volume":"147","author":"Lindheimer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.6.604","article-title":"Multiple chemical sensitivity and chronic fatigue syndrome in british gulf war veterans","volume":"153","author":"Reid","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105308088525","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome in male gulf war veterans and civilians: a further test of the single syndrome hypothesis","volume":"13","author":"Ciccone","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063903","article-title":"Exercise challenge in gulf war illness reveals two subgroups with altered brain structure and function","volume":"8","author":"Rayhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.194","article-title":"Muscle fatigue: general understanding and treatment","volume":"49","author":"Wan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0430","article-title":"Restoring tripartite glutamatergic synapses: a potential therapy for mood and cognitive deficits in Gulf War illness","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e318291c02e","article-title":"Prolonged administration of pyridostigmine impairs neuromuscular function with and without down-regulation of acetylcholine receptors","volume":"119","author":"Richtsfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2017.09.002","article-title":"Tryptophan circuit in fatigue: from blood to brain and cognition","volume":"1675","author":"Yamashita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1178646920936279","article-title":"Potential role of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites in central fatigue: establishment of the fatigue circuit","volume":"13","author":"Yamashita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Tryptophan Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107716","article-title":"Gulf War illness: mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction and promising therapeutic strategies","volume":"220","author":"Dickey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177121","article-title":"Neuropsychological characteristics of Gulf War illness: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Janulewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20356","article-title":"Differential involvement of the dorsal hippocampus in passive avoidance in C57bl\/6J and DBA\/2J mice","volume":"18","author":"Baarendse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0410-04.2004","article-title":"Corticohippocampal contributions to spatial and contextual learning","volume":"24","author":"Burwell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11101715","article-title":"Hippocampal dysfunction in gulf war veterans: investigation with ASL perfusion MR imaging and physostigmine challenge","volume":"261","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.09.044","article-title":"Hippocampal volume differences in Gulf War veterans with current versus lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms","volume":"69","author":"Apfel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0480","article-title":"Gulf war illness: C-reactive protein is associated with reduction of the volume of hippocampus and decreased fractional anisotropy of the fornix","volume":"5","author":"Christova","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.044818","article-title":"Delayed neurologic and behavioral effects of subtoxic doses of cholinesterase inhibitors","volume":"304","author":"Scremin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10721","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6413-10.2011","article-title":"When is the hippocampus involved in recognition memory?","volume":"31","author":"Barker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.07.002","article-title":"The rodent hippocampus is essential for nonspatial object memory","volume":"23","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2014.00078","article-title":"Object location and object recognition memory impairments, motivation deficits and depression in a model of gulf war illness","volume":"8","author":"Hattiangady","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702613506580","article-title":"Central executive dysfunction and deferred prefrontal processing in veterans with Gulf War illness","volume":"2","author":"Hubbard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.1070","article-title":"Neuropsychological function in Gulf War veterans: relationships to self-reported toxicant exposures","volume":"40","author":"White","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11011","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46255-z","volume":"9","author":"Joshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119579","volume":"10","author":"Zakirova","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0525","first-page":"71","article-title":"A chronic longitudinal characterization of neurobehavioral and neuropathological cognitive impairment in a mouse model of gulf war agent exposure","volume":"9","author":"Zakirova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2016.10.012","article-title":"Translational potential of long-term decreases in mitochondrial lipids in a mouse model of Gulf War illness","volume":"372","author":"Abdullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2016.11.027","article-title":"Portulaca oleracea L. prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced passive avoidance learning and memory and TNF-\u03b1 impairments in hippocampus of rat","volume":"169","author":"Noorbakhshnia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0540","series-title":"Gulf War Illness and the Health of Gulf War Veterans","author":"Binns","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14641","article-title":"The role of acetylcholine in negative encoding bias: too much of a good thing?","volume":"53","author":"Mineur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.44","article-title":"Novel insights into the behavioral analysis of mice subjected to the forced-swim test","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1159\/000087097","article-title":"Chronic mild stress (CMS) revisited: consistency and behavioural-neurobiological concordance in the effects of CMS","volume":"52","author":"Willner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714001913","article-title":"Depression in Gulf War veterans: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Blore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.01.009","article-title":"Curcumin treatment leads to better cognitive and mood function in a model of Gulf War illness with enhanced neurogenesis, and alleviation of inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the hippocampus","volume":"69","author":"Kodali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."}],"container-title":["Life Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002432052101081X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002432052101081X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T20:54:07Z","timestamp":1758401647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S002432052101081X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":114,"alternative-id":["S002432052101081X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094","relation":{},"ISSN":["0024-3205"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0024-3205","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Persistent exercise fatigue and associative learning deficits in combination with transient glucose dyshomeostasis in a mouse model of Gulf War Illness","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Life Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120094","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120094"}}