{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:44:42Z","timestamp":1790855082133,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/open-government-licence\/version\/3\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Life Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T12:43:43Z","timestamp":1669725823000},"page":"121252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["From \u201ccrisis to recovery\u201d: A complete insight into the mechanisms of chlorine injury in the lung"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"312","author":[{"given":"Graeme C.","family":"Clark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Elfsmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Essex-Lopresti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c5sa","family":"Gustafsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Paszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Christopher","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian A.","family":"Hiscox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"David","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Jonasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201001-008SM","article-title":"Chlorine gas inhalation: human clinical evidence of toxicity and experience in animal models","volume":"7","author":"White","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.2000.4110","article-title":"The toxicology of chlorine","volume":"85","author":"Winder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2005.06.011","article-title":"History of chemical and biological warfare agents","volume":"214","author":"Szinicz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0020","first-page":"151","article-title":"Chlorine gas: an evolving hazardous material threat and unconventional weapon","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"West. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0025","series-title":"\"Compelling Confirmation\" That Chlorine Gas Used as Weapon in Syria","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0030","series-title":"Report of the Fact-finding mission regarding the incident of alleged use of toxic chemicals as a weapon in Douma, Syrian Arab Republic, on 7 April 2018","year":"2019"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370802007841","article-title":"Acute lung injury induced by chlorine inhalation in C57BL\/6 and FVB\/N mice","volume":"20","author":"Tian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0369OC","article-title":"Loss of basal cells precedes bronchiolitis obliterans-like pathological changes in a murine model of chlorine gas inhalation","volume":"49","author":"O\u2019Koren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2012.10.022","article-title":"Inhalation of chlorine causes long-standing lung inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model of chemical-induced lung injury","volume":"303","author":"Jonasson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.10.007","article-title":"8-Isoprostane is an early biomarker for oxidative stress in chlorine-induced acute lung injury","volume":"282","author":"Elfsmark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2021.1906808","article-title":"Development of chlorine-induced lung injury in the anesthetized, spontaneously breathing pig","volume":"31","author":"Watkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2013.04.037","article-title":"Early treatment of chlorine-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation with corticosteroids","volume":"271","author":"Jonasson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2014.12.008","article-title":"N-acetyl cysteine improves the effects of corticosteroids in a mouse model of chlorine-induced acute lung injury","volume":"328","author":"Wigenstam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0026OC","article-title":"Integrative assessment of chlorine-induced acute lung injury in mice","volume":"47","author":"Leikauf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"363","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.08.024","article-title":"Inhibition of chlorine-induced airway fibrosis by budesonide","volume":"15","author":"Musah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0337OC","article-title":"Functional genomic assessment of phosgene-induced acute lung injury in mice","volume":"49","author":"Leikauf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L137","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00315.2017","article-title":"Exposure of neonatal mice to bromine impairs their alveolar development and lung function","volume":"314","author":"Jilling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21865-2","article-title":"Single cell transcriptomic analysis of murine lung development on hyperoxia-induced damage","volume":"12","author":"Hurskainen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L41","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00276.2020","article-title":"Genetic determinants of ammonia-induced acute lung injury in mice","volume":"320","author":"Bein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0488RC","article-title":"Chlorine induces the unfolded protein response in murine lungs and skin","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"309","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2016.08.027","article-title":"Acute respiratory changes and pulmonary inflammation involving a pathway of TGF-\u03b21 induction in a rat model of chlorine-induced lung injury","volume":"15","author":"Wigenstam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/32.1.99","article-title":"3-Chlorotyrosine and 3,5-dichlorotyrosine as biomarkers of respiratory tract exposure to chlorine gas","volume":"32","author":"Sochaski","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0115","article-title":"L-alpha-phosphatidylglycerol chlorohydrins as potential biomarkers for chlorine gas exposure","volume":"2016","author":"Hemstrom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-03146-x","article-title":"Development of a clinical assay to measure chlorinated tyrosine in hair and tissue samples using a mouse chlorine inhalation exposure model","volume":"413","author":"Pantazides","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02731-6","article-title":"Regulation of chitinase-3-like-1 in T cell elicits Th1 and cytotoxic responses to inhibit lung metastasis","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201508-525OC","article-title":"Lung function before and after a large chlorine gas release in Graniteville,South Carolina","volume":"13","author":"Clark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1042\/BC20110077","article-title":"Grunewald defining the role of TRIP6 in cell physiology and cancer","volume":"103","author":"Willier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Cell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1007\/s11008-005-0095-8","article-title":"Downregulation of TRIP6 gene expression induces actin cytoskeleton rearrangements in human carcinoma cell lines","volume":"39","author":"Guryanova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.10.007","article-title":"8-Isoprostane is an early biomarker for oxidative stress in chlorine-induced acute lung injury","volume":"282","author":"Elfsmark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol.Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L891","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00377.2014","article-title":"Hyaluronan mediates airway hyperresponsiveness in oxidative lung injury","volume":"308","author":"Lazrak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2021890","article-title":"The role of BPIFA1 in upper airway microbial infections and correlated diseases","author":"Tsou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2683(200105)22:9<1795::AID-ELPS1795>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Identification of a new potential airway irritation marker, palate lung nasal epithelial clone protein, in human nasal lavage fluid with two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization-time of flight","volume":"22","author":"Lindahl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600217","article-title":"Experimental stroke induces massive, rapid activation of the peripheral immune system","volume":"26","author":"Offner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-7-92","article-title":"A role for spleen monocytes in post-ischemic brain inflammation and injury","volume":"15","author":"Bao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-012-9406-8","article-title":"A transient decrease in spleen size following stroke corresponds to splenocyte release into systemic circulation","volume":"7","author":"Seifert","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. NeuroImmune Pharmacol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6523","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.11.6523","article-title":"Splenic atrophy in experimental stroke is accompanied by increased regulatory T cells and circulating macrophages","volume":"176","author":"Offner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.135.3.291","article-title":"Is interleukin 6 an early marker of injury severity following major trauma in humans?","volume":"135","author":"Gebhard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1086\/675991","article-title":"Pleiotropic effects of interleukin-6 in a \"two-hit\" murine model of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Goldman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pulm. Circ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8040159","article-title":"Common host responses in murine aerosol models of infection caused by highly virulent Gram-negative bacteria from the genera Burkholderia, Francisella and Yersinia","volume":"8","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13086","article-title":"Role of heme in bromine-induced lung injury","volume":"1374","author":"Lam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102009","article-title":"Chlorine inhalation induces acute chest syndrome in humanized sickle cell mouse model and ameliorated by postexposure hemopexin","volume":"44","author":"Alishlash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-01932-y","article-title":"Histone H4 induces heparan sulfate degradation by activating heparanase in chlorine gas-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2019.1624895","article-title":"Acute exposure of mice to hydrochloric acid leads to the development of chronic lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"31","author":"Marinova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2016-209753","article-title":"'WNT-er is coming': WNT signalling in chronic lung diseases","volume":"72","author":"Baarsma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"640","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2018.01.004","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase: its role for host defense, inflammation, and neutrophil function","volume":"15","author":"Aratani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkw011","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of 3-chlorotyrosineand 3,5-dichlorotyrosine in whole blood, serum and plasma by isotope dilutionHPLC-MS-MS","volume":"40","author":"Crow","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2012.06.020","article-title":"Corticosteroid treatment inhibits airway hyperresponsiveness and lung injury in a murine model of chemical-induced airway inflammation","volume":"301","author":"Wigenstam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4324","article-title":"Differential analysis of RNA-Seq incorporating quantification uncertainty","author":"Pimentel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"W1","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W566","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv468","article-title":"ClustVis: a web tool for visualizing clustering of multivariate data using Principal Component Analysis and heatmap","volume":"43","author":"Metsalu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.O110.007450","article-title":"GProX, a user-friendly platform for bioinformatics analysis and visualization of quantitative proteomics data","volume":"10","author":"Rigbolt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09234-6","article-title":"Metascape provides a biologist-oriented resource for the analysis of systems-level datasets","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Life Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0024320522009523?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0024320522009523?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,20]],"date-time":"2025-09-20T21:07:14Z","timestamp":1758402434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0024320522009523"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0024320522009523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252","relation":{},"ISSN":["0024-3205"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0024-3205","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"From \u201ccrisis to recovery\u201d: A complete insight into the mechanisms of chlorine injury in the lung","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Life Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121252","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"121252"}}