{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T19:00:48Z","timestamp":1792522848272,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Life Sciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T06:14:29Z","timestamp":1681366469000},"page":"121692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Repurposing of carvedilol to alleviate bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats: Repressing of TGF-\u03b21\/\u03b1-SMA\/Smad2\/3 and STAT3 gene expressions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"324","author":[{"given":"Noha A.T.","family":"Abbas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ola Elsayed","family":"Nafea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba Osama","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walaa","family":"Samy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal Fawzy","family":"Abdelmageed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rofaida","family":"Afifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba A.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-018-0643-3","article-title":"Management of acute respiratory failure in interstitial lung diseases: overview and clinical insights","volume":"18","author":"Faverio","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2019.02.001","article-title":"Translational research in pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"209","author":"Mathai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7080201","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF): an overview","volume":"7","author":"Barratt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201410-448MG","article-title":"Mechanisms of alveolar epithelial injury, repair, and fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Chambers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-017-0671-9","article-title":"Combination therapy with pirfenidone plus prednisolone ameliorates paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"41","author":"Rasooli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.1028","article-title":"Prevention of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis via inhibition of the MRTF\/SRF transcription pathway","volume":"10","author":"Pawelec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00711-7","article-title":"Steroids in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a prospective assessment of adverse reactions, response to therapy, and survival","volume":"110","author":"Flaherty","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0021-2019","article-title":"The therapy of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: what is next?","volume":"28","author":"Somogyi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.06.049","article-title":"Impact of antifibrotic therapy on mortality and acute exacerbation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"160","author":"Petnak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-021-09676-z","article-title":"Animal models of drug-induced pulmonary fibrosis: an overview of molecular mechanisms and characteristics","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0055","first-page":"27","article-title":"The bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCIInsight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0060","article-title":"Bleomycin induces molecular changes directly relevant to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a model for \u201cactive\u201d disease","volume":"8","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.03.035","article-title":"The use of \u03b2-blockers in patients with heart failure and comorbidities: doubts, certainties and unsolved issues","volume":"88","author":"Paolillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4998","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27154998","article-title":"UHPLC enantiomer resolution for the \u0251\/\u03b2-adrenoceptor antagonist R\/S-carvedilol and its major active metabolites on chiralpak IB N-5","volume":"27","author":"Samir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.11.093","article-title":"Carvedilol exhibits anti-acute T lymphoblastic leukemia effect in vitro and in vivo via inhibiting \u03b2-ARs signaling pathway","volume":"639","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0080","author":"WHO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0085","series-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","article-title":"Carvedilol","author":"Singh","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2020.155394","article-title":"Carvedilol prevents pancreatic \u03b2-cell damage and the development of type 1 diabetes in mice by the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, NF-\u03baB, COX-2, iNOS and oxidative stress","volume":"138","author":"Amirshahrokhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111594","article-title":"Carvedilol induces the antiapoptotic proteins Nrf2 and Bcl2 and inhibits cellular apoptosis in aluminum-induced testicular toxicity in male wistar rats","volume":"139","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2004.04.005","article-title":"Carvedilol-mediated antioxidant protection against doxorubicin-induced cardiac mitochondrial toxicity","volume":"200","author":"Oliveira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S1734-1140(11)70607-7","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of carvedilol against aluminium induced toxicity: possible behavioral and biochemical alterations in rats","volume":"63","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Reports."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2022.2072327","article-title":"Potential role of carvedilol in intestinal toxicity through NF-\u03baB\/iNOS\/COX-2\/TNF-\u03b1 inflammatory signaling pathway in rats","volume":"44","author":"Abdel-Aziz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2019.1576718","article-title":"Effect of carvedilol versus propranolol on acute and chronic liver toxicity in rats","volume":"44","author":"Abdel-Kawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2020.1846551","article-title":"The effects of carvedilol, metoprolol and propranolol on cisplatin-induced kidney injury","volume":"45","author":"Esmaeeli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0125","first-page":"60","article-title":"Carvedilol attenuates acrylamide-induced brain damage through inhibition of oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic mediators","volume":"25","author":"Amirshahrokhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327120918306","article-title":"Carvedilol safeguards against aspirin-induced gastric damage in rats","volume":"39","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4137","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.2011013","article-title":"Carvedilol alleviates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting Ras homolog family member A (RhoA)\/ROCK activities","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2021.110123","article-title":"Backstage players of fibrosis: NOX4, mTOR, HDAC, and S1P; companions of TGF-\u03b2","volume":"87","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Uribe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2021.4965","article-title":"TGF-\u03b21: gentlemanly orchestrator in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (Review)","volume":"48","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.07.008","article-title":"New insights into TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling in tissue fibrosis","volume":"292","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-183","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 \u2013 an excellent servant but a bad master","volume":"10","author":"Kubiczkova","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-017-0005-4","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 in stem cells and tissue homeostasis","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.15-273953","article-title":"STAT-3 contributes to pulmonary fibrosis through epithelial injury and fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation","volume":"30","author":"Pedroza","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.12.022","article-title":"STAT3-mediated signaling dysregulates lung fibroblast-myofibroblast activation and differentiation in UIP\/IPF","volume":"180","author":"Pechkovsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0701-9","article-title":"JAK\u2013STAT signaling as a target for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: current and future prospects","volume":"77","author":"Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0180","first-page":"256","article-title":"Attenuation of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats by flavocoxid treatment","volume":"4","author":"Zaghloul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2006.07.003","article-title":"Resveratrol alleviates bleomycin-induced lung injury in rats","volume":"20","author":"\u015eener","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L6","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00288.2020","article-title":"Inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as a therapeutic target in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis rats","volume":"321","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200505-717OC","article-title":"Pharmacologic differentiation of inflammation and fibrosis in the rat bleomycin model","volume":"173","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.06.046","article-title":"Antifibrotic action of pirfenidone and prednisolone: different effects on pulmonary cytokines and growth factors in bleomycin-induced murine pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"590","author":"Oku","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148868","article-title":"Carvedilol improves inflammatory response, oxidative stress and fibrosis in the alcohol-induced liver injury in rats by regulating kuppfer cells and hepatic stellate cells","volume":"11","author":"de Ara\u00fajo J\u00fanior","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0210","article-title":"Smad3 inactivation and MiR-29b upregulation mediate the effect of carvedilol on attenuating the acute myocardium infarction-induced myocardial fibrosis in rat","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32309-1","article-title":"Anti-fibrotic impact of carvedilol in a CCl-4 model of liver fibrosis via serum microRNA-200a\/SMAD7 enhancement to bridle TGF-\u03b21\/EMT track","volume":"8","author":"El-Wakeel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s13318-016-0391-9","article-title":"Antifibrotic effects of carvedilol and impact of liver fibrosis on carvedilol pharmacokinetics in a rat model","volume":"42","author":"El-Demerdash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2005000600016","article-title":"Hemodynamic parameters and neurogenic pulmonary edema following spinal cord injury: an experimental model","volume":"63","author":"Leal Filho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03361-8","article-title":"Lippia javanica (Zumbani) herbal tea infusion attenuates allergic airway inflammation via inhibition of Th2 cell activation and suppression of oxidative stress","volume":"21","author":"Mfengu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Med. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-021-02117-y","article-title":"Tyrosol improves ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma in rat model through prevention of airway inflammation","volume":"394","author":"Cellat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(85)90442-7","article-title":"Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid","volume":"150","author":"Smith","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","article-title":"Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction","author":"Ohkawa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(72)80218-3","article-title":"The occurrence of superoxide anion in the reaction of reduced phenazine methosulfate and molecular oxygen","volume":"46","author":"Nishikimi","year":"1972","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0260","series-title":"Bancroft's Theory Pract. Histol. Tech","first-page":"126","article-title":"The hematoxylin and eosin","author":"Bancroft","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0265","series-title":"Bancroft's Theory Pract. Histol. Tech","first-page":"153","article-title":"Connective tissue and other mesenchymal tissues with their stains","author":"Bancroft","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0270","series-title":"Bancroft's Theory Pract. Histol. Tech","first-page":"337","article-title":"Immunohistochemical and immunofluoresent techniques","author":"Sanderson","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2013.07.011","article-title":"Evaluating the inhibitory potential of sulindac against the bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in wistar rats","volume":"36","author":"Verma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.032","article-title":"Sinapic acid ameliorates bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats","volume":"108","author":"Raish","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207761","article-title":"Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation 1 inhibitor as a novel therapeutic tool for lung injury","volume":"21","author":"Fusco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.2.250","article-title":"Hypothesis: beta-adrenergic receptor blockers and weight gain: a systematic analysis","volume":"37","author":"Sharma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12191","article-title":"Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade with carvedilol on cachexia in severe chronic heart failure: results from the COPERNICUS trial","volume":"8","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12191","article-title":"Effect of beta-adrenergic blockade with carvedilol on cachexia in severe chronic heart failure: results from the COPERNICUS trial","volume":"8","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cachexia. Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2018.1541318","article-title":"Oxidative\/nitrosative stress, autophagy and apoptosis as therapeutic targets of melatonin in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.09.004","article-title":"Carvedilol attenuates paraquat-induced lung injury by inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokine MCP-1, NF-\u03baB activation and oxidative stress mediators","volume":"88","author":"Amirshahrokhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9851914","article-title":"The interplay of oxidative stress and inflammation: mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential of antioxidants","volume":"2021","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0754-7","article-title":"Evaluation of oxidative stress biomarkers in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and therapeutic applications: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Fois","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0325","first-page":"1028","article-title":"Oxidative stress and pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"2013","author":"Cheresh","year":"1832","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta - Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/10715769800300421","article-title":"Carvedilol inhibition of lipid peroxidation. A new antioxidative mechanism","volume":"29","author":"Tadolini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Free Radic.Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.02.011","article-title":"Carvedilol attenuates experimentally induced silicosis in rats via modulation of P-AKT\/mTOR\/TGF\u03b21 signaling","volume":"70","author":"Helal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2022.110289","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 signaling: from tissue fibrosis to therapeutic opportunities","volume":"369","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/137823","article-title":"Transforming growth factor beta family: insight into the role of growth factors in regulation of fracture healing biology and potential clinical applications","volume":"2015","author":"Poniatowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3770","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI94753","article-title":"Fibroblast-specific TGF-\u03b2\u2013Smad2\/3 signaling underlies cardiac fibrosis","volume":"127","author":"Khalil","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2015.00059","article-title":"Signaling in fibrosis: TGF-\u03b2, WNT, and YAP\/TAZ converge","volume":"2","author":"Piersma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.01.042","article-title":"Bi-directional regulation of TGF-\u03b2\/Smad pathway by arsenic: a systemic review and meta-analysis of in vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"220","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.04.012","article-title":"New therapeutic aspect for carvedilol: antifibrotic effects of carvedilol in chronic carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage","volume":"261","author":"Hamdy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0728-9","article-title":"The JAK2 pathway is activated in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"19","author":"Milara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204256","article-title":"Inhibition of casein kinase II reduces TGF\u03b2 induced fibroblast activation and ameliorates experimental fibrosis","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2016.10.012","article-title":"Carvedilol suppresses circulating and hepatic IL-6 responsible for hepatocarcinogenesis of chronically damaged liver in rats","volume":"311","author":"Balaha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692_bb0385","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ameliorative effects of arctigenin on pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin via the antioxidant activity","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."}],"container-title":["Life Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0024320523003260?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0024320523003260?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T21:29:46Z","timestamp":1736371786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0024320523003260"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["S0024320523003260"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692","relation":{},"ISSN":["0024-3205"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0024-3205","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Repurposing of carvedilol to alleviate bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in rats: Repressing of TGF-\u03b21\/\u03b1-SMA\/Smad2\/3 and STAT3 gene expressions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Life Sciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121692","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"121692"}}