{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T02:45:37Z","timestamp":1790563537049,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012399","name":"Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012399","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Life Sciences in Space Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T13:13:50Z","timestamp":1655212430000},"page":"4-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The Need for Biological Countermeasures to Mitigate the Risk of Space Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis, Cardiovascular Disease, and Central Nervous System Deficiencies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2071-0571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brock J.","family":"Sishc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Zawaski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janapriya","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa S.","family":"Carnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin M.","family":"Fabre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Robin","family":"Elgart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.2307\/3579710","article-title":"The Radiation Environment in Low-Earth Orbit","volume":"148","author":"Badhwar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0011","first-page":"425","article-title":"Chemoprotective and radioprotective effects of amifostine an update of clinical trials","volume":"72","author":"Capizzi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(96)00333-4","article-title":"The preclinical basis for broad-spectrum selective cytoprotection of normal tissues from cytotoxic therapies by amifostine (Ethyol)","volume":"32A","author":"Capizzi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0016","first-page":"47","article-title":"Clinical status and optimal use of amifostine","volume":"13","author":"Capizzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncology (Williston Park)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115600","article-title":"CDDO-Me Protects Normal Lung and Breast Epithelial Cells but Not Cancer Cells from Radiation","volume":"9","author":"El-Ashmawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1667\/RR2155.1","article-title":"CDDO-Me protects against space radiation-induced transformation of human colon epithelial cells","volume":"174","author":"Eskiocak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2015.51.9.2386730","article-title":"Filgrastim for the treatment of hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Farese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drugs Today (Barc)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1667\/RR13940.1","article-title":"Pegfilgrastim Improves Survival of Lethally Irradiated Nonhuman Primates","volume":"183","author":"Hankey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2187\/bss.22.59","article-title":"Radiation Doses for Human Exposed to Galactic Cosmic Rays and Their Secondary Products on the Lunar Surface","volume":"22","author":"Hayatsu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Sci. Space"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31065-5","article-title":"Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (DISCOVER) primary results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial","volume":"396","author":"Mayer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0006","unstructured":"NCRP 132 Radiation Protection Guidance for Activities in Low-Earth Orbit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0007","year":"2022","journal-title":"NASA Space Flight Human-System Standard - Volume 1 Crew Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0008","volume":"3","year":"1999","journal-title":"NCRP Statement 8 The Application of ALARA for Occupation Exposures"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0017","first-page":"357","article-title":"Systematic review of amifostine for the management of oral mucositis in cancer patients","volume":"21","author":"Nicolatou-Galitis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.116.013003","article-title":"Patient and Disease-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for Discovery of Personalized Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapeutics","volume":"72","author":"Paik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031203","article-title":"Human iPSC-Based Modeling of Central Nerve System Disorders for Drug Discovery","volume":"22","author":"Qian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0031","article-title":"Animal Rule Approvals","year":"2021","journal-title":"FDA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.200358","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer-the new testament","volume":"11","author":"Senga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ns.33.120183.001543","article-title":"Elemental and Isotopic Composition of the Galactic Cosmic Rays","volume":"33","author":"Simpson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2018.54.11.2899370","article-title":"An update on sargramostim for treatment of acute radiation syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs Today (Barc)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2019.1666104","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of amifostine for the acute radiation syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0018","first-page":"1","article-title":"Radiation countermeasures for hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome growth factors, cytokines and beyond","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2015.1023290","article-title":"Animal models for acute radiation syndrome drug discovery","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2017.1332440","volume":"93","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2017.1338782","volume":"93","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2018.1526172","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges with animal models for acute radiation syndrome drug discovery","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabb3768","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abb3768","article-title":"Avasopasem manganese synergizes with hypofractionated radiation to ablate tumors through the generation of hydrogen peroxide","volume":"13","author":"Sishc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0022","first-page":"85","article-title":"Effects of dietary aspirin on high-LET radiation-induced prostaglandin E2 levels and gastrointestinal tumorigenesis in Apc1638N\/+ mice","volume":"31","author":"Suman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life. Sci. Space Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0030","unstructured":"Appendix D Transition to Operations Review Process (TORP). https\/\/nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov\/displayDir.cfmInternal_ID=N_PR_8900_001B_&page_name=AppendixD."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0004","series-title":"Introduction to the space environment","author":"Tascione","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003_bib0005","year":"2008","journal-title":"Effects of ionizing radiation United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation\u00a0 UNSCEAR 2006. (United Nations"}],"container-title":["Life Sciences in Space Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214552422000384?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214552422000384?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T20:07:54Z","timestamp":1769026074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214552422000384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S2214552422000384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-5524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-5524","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The Need for Biological Countermeasures to Mitigate the Risk of Space Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis, Cardiovascular Disease, and Central Nervous System Deficiencies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Life Sciences in Space Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lssr.2022.06.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}