{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T21:30:48Z","timestamp":1786483848961,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006199","name":"NASA Langley Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020021","name":"Space Operations Mission Directorate","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020021","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Life Sciences in Space Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T18:43:06Z","timestamp":1758134586000},"page":"11-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A multilevel probabilistic dose response model for radiation-induced Harderian gland tumor prevalence\u2013single beam and mixed field effects"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Blattnig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Slaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0001","series-title":"Molecular Biology of the Cell","article-title":"Cancer as a Microevolutionary Process","author":"Alberts","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.2307\/3578551","article-title":"Tumorigenic potential of high-Z, high-LET charged-particle radiations","volume":"136","author":"Alpen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-1177(94)90512-6","article-title":"Fluence-based relative biological effectiveness for charged particle carcinogenesis in mouse Harderian gland","volume":"14","author":"Alpen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res. Offic. J. Committee Space Res. (COSPAR)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14335.1","article-title":"Harderian Gland Tumorigenesis: low-Dose and LET Response","volume":"185","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0005","author":"Cucinotta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0006","article-title":"A new approach to reduce uncertainties in space radiation cancer risk predictions","volume":"19","author":"Cucinotta","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1832","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0007","first-page":"1","article-title":"Non-targeted effects models predict significantly higher Mars mission cancer risk than targeted effects models","volume":"7","author":"Cucinotta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"152","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0008","first-page":"244","article-title":"Men and mice: relating their ages","volume":"1","author":"Dutta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci. Space Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7037-4_11","article-title":"Adult stem cells and their niches","volume":"695","author":"Ferraro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0010","series-title":"Effect of pituitary isografts on radiation carcinogenesis in mammary and Harderian glands of mice. Symposium on biological effects of low-level radiation pertinent to protection of man and his environment","author":"Fry","year":"1976"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncl498","article-title":"Energy deposition stochastics and track structure: what about the target?","volume":"122","author":"Goodhead","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0012","author":"Goodhead"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1667\/RR14492.1","article-title":"Solid cancer incidence among the Life Span Study of the atomic bomb survivors: 1958-2009","volume":"187","author":"Grant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rad. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0014","first-page":"107","article-title":"Simulating galactic cosmic ray effects: synergy modeling of murine tumor prevalence after exposure to two one-ion beams in rapid sequence","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci. Space Res."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib38","first-page":"1","article-title":"1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection","volume":"21","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. ICRP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0015","volume":"33","year":"2003"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2012.12.001","article-title":"Non-targeted effects of ionising radiation\u2013implications for low dose risk","volume":"752","author":"Kadhim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.2307\/3573247","article-title":"Inactivation of cells by heavy ion bombardment","volume":"47","author":"Katz","year":"1971","journal-title":"Rad. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0018","series-title":"Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine","article-title":"Principal Cellular and Tissue Effects of Radiation","author":"Little","year":"2003"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0019","first-page":"113","article-title":"Cellular radiation effects and the bystander response","volume":"597","author":"Little","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.\/Fundam. Molec. Mech. Mutagen."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2013.09.009","article-title":"Non-Targeted Effects Induced by Ionizing Radiation: mechanisms and Potential Impact on Radiation Induced Health Effects","volume":"356","author":"Morgan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1277","article-title":"Radiation-induced bystander effects \u2014 Implications for cancer","volume":"4","author":"Mothersill","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0022","first-page":"5","article-title":"Radiation-induced bystander effects and the DNA paradigm: an \u201cout of field\u201d perspective","volume":"597","author":"Mothersill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.\/Fundam. Molec. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0023","volume":"I","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0024","article-title":"National council on radiation protection and measurements. recommendations of dose limits for low earth orbit","volume":"132","year":"2000","journal-title":"NCRP Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-023-01023-6","article-title":"Space radiation quality factor for Galactic Cosmic Rays and typical space mission scenarios using a microdosimetric approach","volume":"62","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0026","first-page":"1","article-title":"The harderian gland: a tercentennial review","volume":"185","author":"Payne","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1667\/RR15250.1","article-title":"RITCARD: radiation induced tracks, chromosome aberrations, repair, and damage","volume":"192","author":"Plante","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rad. Res."},{"issue":"A","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.09012S","article-title":"Microbeam studies of the bystander response","volume":"50","author":"Prise","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1667\/RR3319","article-title":"Low-dose binary behavior of bystander cell killing after microbeam irradiation of a single cell with focused c(k) x rays","volume":"163","author":"Schettino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176476","article-title":"Quantitative modeling of responses to chronic ionizing radiation exposure using targeted and non-targeted effects","volume":"12","author":"Shuryak","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/rpd\/ncaa207","article-title":"Review of Quantitative Mechanistic Models of Radiation-Induced Non-Targeted Effects (NTE)","volume":"192","author":"Shuryak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000669","article-title":"NASA\u2019s first ground-based Galactic Cosmic Ray Simulator: enabling a new era in space radiobiology research","volume":"18","author":"Simonsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0033","first-page":"14","article-title":"Improving Astronaut Cancer Risk Assessment from Space Radiation with an Ensemble Model Framework","volume":"31","author":"Simonsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci. Space Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-25-00021.1","article-title":"A microdosimetric dose response model for monoenergetic ions and doses relevant for space radiation carcinogenesis","volume":"204","author":"Slaba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0035","series-title":"Annex F: Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/radiation2010003","article-title":"Computational biophysical modeling of the radiation bystander effect in irradiated cells","volume":"2","author":"Wysocki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiation"}],"container-title":["Life Sciences in Space Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214552425001051?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2214552425001051?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T21:00:16Z","timestamp":1786482016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2214552425001051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S2214552425001051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-5524"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-5524","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A multilevel probabilistic dose response model for radiation-induced Harderian gland tumor prevalence\u2013single beam and mixed field effects","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Life Sciences in Space Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lssr.2025.09.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}