{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T10:30:13Z","timestamp":1782815413054,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"Commission of the European Communities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","lungcancerjournal.info","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lung Cancer"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T15:17:53Z","timestamp":1755011873000},"page":"108711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["CAR-T for Lung Cancers: Challenges and Innovations"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"207","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1260-2941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Trudu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2761-9482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Rovesti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2035-8988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Neri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Pugliese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Silingardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9288-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonardo","family":"Brini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Golinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Baschieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Lallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8671-9910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgia","family":"Guaitoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Bertolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5028-932X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia Del","family":"Giovane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pier Luigi","family":"Filosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4007-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Dominici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Chiavelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0005","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0010","unstructured":"W. J. Butnor KJ, Roden AC, Tazelaar, HD, Thoracic Tumours. WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board, 2021."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. B. Knight, P. A. Crosbie, H. Balata, J. Chudziak, T. Hussell, and C. Dive, \u201cProgress and prospects of early detection in lung cancer,\u201d Open Biol., vol. 7, no. 9, 2017, doi: 10.1098\/RSOB.170070.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.170070"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0020","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network, \u201cNCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer,\u201d 2025. www.nccn.org\/professionals\/physician_gls\/pdf\/nscl.pdf (accessed Apr. 08, 2025)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0025","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network, \u201cNCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Small Cell Lung Cancer,\u201d 2025. https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/professionals\/physician_gls\/pdf\/sclc.pdf (accessed Apr. 08, 2025)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1706169","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor therapy","volume":"379","author":"June","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0235-9","article-title":"Programming CAR-T cells to kill cancer","volume":"2","author":"Labanieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6938","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901766","article-title":"The optimal antigen response of chimeric antigen receptors harboring the CD3zeta transmembrane domain is dependent upon incorporation of the receptor into the endogenous TCR\/CD3 complex","volume":"184","author":"Bridgeman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0325-1","article-title":"Teaching an old dog new tricks: next-generation CAR T cells","volume":"120","author":"Tokarew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"6382","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar6711","article-title":"CAR T cell immunotherapy for human cancer","volume":"359","author":"June","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.36","article-title":"Driving CAR T-cells forward","volume":"13","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4441","article-title":"CD22-targeted CAR T cells induce remission in B-ALL that is naive or resistant to CD19-targeted CAR immunotherapy","volume":"24","author":"Fry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK_238691","article-title":"The other side of CAR T-cell therapy: cytokine release syndrome, neurologic toxicity, and financial burden","volume":"39","author":"Santomasso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educ. b."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. S. Neelapu, \u201cManaging the toxicities of CAR T-cell therapy,\u201d Hematol. Oncol., vol. 37 Suppl 1, no. S1, pp. 48\u201352, Jun. 2019, doi: 10.1002\/HON.2595.","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2595"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. C. Sterner and R. M. Sterner, \u201cCAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies,\u201d Blood Cancer J., vol. 11, no. 4, 2021, doi: 10.1038\/s41408-021-00459-7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00459-7"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.14405","article-title":"New strategies for the Treatment of Solid Tumors with CAR-T Cells","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Michela D\u2019aloia, I. G. Zizzari, B. Sacchetti, L. Pierelli, and M. Alimandi, \u201cCAR-T cells: the long and winding road to solid tumors\u201d, doi: 10.1038\/s41419-018-0278-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0278-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0090","unstructured":"\u201cfda-approves-first-gene-therapy-treat-adults-metastatic-synovial-sarcoma @ www.fda.gov.\u201d https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-first-gene-therapy-treat-adults-metastatic-synovial-sarcoma."},{"issue":"10435","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00319-2","article-title":"Afamitresgene autoleucel for advanced synovial sarcoma and myxoid round cell liposarcoma (SPEARHEAD-1): an international, open-label, phase 2 trial","volume":"403","author":"D\u2019Angelo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet (london, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Djureinovic et al., \u201cProfiling cancer testis antigens in non-small-cell lung cancer,\u201d JCI insight, vol. 1, no. 10, Jul. 2016, doi: 10.1172\/JCI.INSIGHT.86837.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.86837"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Chen, Z. Zhang, S. Zhang, P. Zhu, J. K. S. Ko, and K. K. L. Yung, \u201cMUC1: Structure, Function, and Clinic Application in Epithelial Cancers,\u201d Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 22, no. 12, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.3390\/IJMS22126567.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126567"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2014.02.007","article-title":"MUC1: a multifaceted oncoprotein with a key role in cancer progression","volume":"20","author":"Nath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X. Wei et al., \u201cPSCA and MUC1 in non-small-cell lung cancer as targets of chimeric antigen receptor T cells,\u201d Oncoimmunology, vol. 6, no. 3, Mar. 2017, doi: 10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1284722.","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1284722"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.4.6.1724","article-title":"Conditional EGFR promotes cell cycle progression and prevention of apoptosis in the absence of autocrine cytokines","volume":"4","author":"Shelton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2009.00991.x","article-title":"Clinical outcomes in non-small-cell lung cancer patients with EGFR mutations: pooled analysis","volume":"14","author":"Paz-Ares","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040938","article-title":"Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib","volume":"350","author":"Lynch","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30035-X","article-title":"Erlotinib plus bevacizumab versus erlotinib alone in patients with EGFR-positive advanced non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NEJ026): interim analysis of an open-label, randomised, multicentre, phase 3 trial","volume":"20","author":"Saito","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-021-00794-6","article-title":"Osimertinib Versus Comparator EGFR TKI as First-Line Treatment for EGFR-Mutated Advanced NSCLC: FLAURA China, a Randomized Study","volume":"16","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Target. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Li et al., \u201cAntitumor activity of EGFR-specific CAR T cells against non-small-cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in mice.,\u201d Cell Death Dis., vol. 9, no. 2, p. 177, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.1038\/s41419-017-0238-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-017-0238-6"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-016-5023-8","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for the immunotherapy of patients with EGFR-expressing advanced relapsed\/refractory non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"59","author":"Feng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-021-03613-7","article-title":"Phase I clinical trial of EGFR-specific CAR-T cells generated by the piggyBac transposon system in advanced relapsed\/refractory non-small cell lung cancer patients","volume":"147","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2021.07.003","article-title":"CXCR5 guides migration and tumor eradication of anti-EGFR chimeric antigen receptor T cells","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. - Oncolytics"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14541","article-title":"Overexpression of SMAD7 improves the function of EGFR-targeted human CAR-T cells against non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5424","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065424","article-title":"Chemokine Receptors CCR6 and PD1 Blocking scFv E27 Enhances Anti-EGFR CAR-T Therapeutic Efficacy in a Preclinical Model of Human Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2011.11.012","article-title":"Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as tumor marker in lung cancer","volume":"76","author":"Grunnet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.-S. Lee et al., \u201cThe relevance of serum carcinoembryonic antigen as an indicator of brain metastasis detection in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.,\u201d Tumour Biol. J. Int. Soc. Oncodevelopmental Biol. Med., vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 1065\u20131073, Aug. 2012, doi: 10.1007\/s13277-012-0344-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-012-0344-0"},{"issue":"Supplement","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0185","first-page":"C34","article-title":"Serum carcinoembryonic antigen, neuron-specific enolase as biomarkers for diagnosis of nonsmall cell lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"Dong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.03.010","article-title":"Phase I escalating-dose trial of CAR-t therapy targeting CEA+ metastatic colorectal cancers","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200311000-00003","article-title":"Application of mesothelin immunostaining in tumor diagnosis","volume":"27","author":"Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20082196","article-title":"Mesothelin inhibits paclitaxel-induced apoptosis through the PI3K pathway","volume":"424","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. J"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-2614","article-title":"Mesothelin overexpression promotes mesothelioma cell invasion and MMP-9 secretion in an orthotopic mouse model and in epithelioid pleural mesothelioma patients","volume":"18","author":"Servais","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-2161","article-title":"Mesothelin expression in human lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"Ho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-1862","article-title":"Mesothelin overexpression is a marker of tumor aggressiveness and is associated with reduced recurrence-free and overall survival in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Kachala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11694","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3429","article-title":"High mesothelin expression in advanced lung adenocarcinoma is associated with KRAS mutations and a poor prognosis","volume":"6","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0225","article-title":"Mesothelin-targeted second generation CAR-T cells inhibit growth of mesothelin-expressing tumors in vivo","volume":"17","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"issue":"261","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Nov","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3010162","article-title":"Regional delivery of mesothelin-targeted CAR T cell therapy generates potent and long-lasting CD4-dependent tumor immunity","volume":"6","author":"Adusumilli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-13-0170","article-title":"Mesothelin-specific chimeric antigen receptor mRNA-engineered T cells induce anti-tumor activity in solid malignancies","volume":"2","author":"Beatty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-2083","article-title":"Analysis of ROR1 Protein Expression in Human Cancer and Normal Tissues","volume":"23","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.126345","article-title":"ROR1-CAR T cells are effective against lung and breast cancer in advanced microphysiologic 3D tumor models","volume":"4","author":"Wallstabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.11.005","article-title":"Immunogenic Chemotherapy Enhances Recruitment of CAR-T Cells to Lung Tumors and Improves Antitumor Efficacy when combined with Checkpoint Blockade","volume":"39","author":"Srivastava","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1038\/nm730","article-title":"Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: a potential mechanism of immune evasion","volume":"8","author":"Dong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-004-0593-x","article-title":"Interaction of PD-L1 on tumor cells with PD-1 on tumor-specific T cells as a mechanism of immune evasion: implications for tumor immunotherapy","volume":"54","author":"Blank","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-020-00198-0","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting PD-L1 suppress tumor growth","volume":"8","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.4.1735","article-title":"Prostate stem cell antigen: a cell surface marker overexpressed in prostate cancer","volume":"95","author":"Reiter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyp181","article-title":"Clinical significance of prostate stem cell antigen expression in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"40","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. P et al., \u201cLung cancer: intragenic ERBB2 kinase mutations in tumours,\u201d Nature, vol. 431, no. 7008, pp. 525\u2013526, Sep. 2004, doi: 10.1038\/431525B.","DOI":"10.1038\/431525b"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. B. Shabaneh et al., \u201cSystemically administered low-affinity HER2 CAR T cells mediate antitumor efficacy without toxicity.,\u201d J. Immunother. cancer, vol. 12, no. 2, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1136\/jitc-2023-008566.","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-008566"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2024.06.023","article-title":"Preclinical efficacy of a HER2 synNotch\/CEA-CAR combinatorial immunotherapy against colorectal cancer with HER2 amplification","volume":"32","author":"Cortese","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-024-00749-6","article-title":"Autologous HER2-specific CAR T cells after lymphodepletion for advanced sarcoma: a phase 1 trial","volume":"5","author":"Hegde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0300","first-page":"1817","article-title":"Clinicopathological implications of EpCAM expression in adenocarcinoma of the lung","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Xu et al., \u201cIn vivo dynamics and anti-tumor effects of EpCAM-directed CAR T-cells against brain metastases from lung cancer,\u201d Oncoimmunology, vol. 12, no. 1, 2023, doi: 10.1080\/2162402X.2022.2163781.","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2022.2163781"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-011-9973-1","article-title":"Expression of GPC3 protein and its significance in lung squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.04.020","article-title":"Combined Antitumor Effects of Sorafenib and GPC3-CAR T Cells in Mouse Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i1.275","article-title":"Glypican-3 is a prognostic factor and an immunotherapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Haruyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-3259","article-title":"Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Glypican-3 T-Cell Therapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: results of phase I Trials","volume":"26","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"8047","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08261-8","article-title":"Interleukin-15-armoured GPC3 CAR T cells for patients with solid cancers","volume":"637","author":"Steffin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"July","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0335","first-page":"1","article-title":"Disialoganglioside GD2 expression in solid tumors and role as a target for cancer therapy","volume":"10","author":"Nazha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1371345","article-title":"GD2-targeting therapy: a comparative analysis of approaches and promising directions","volume":"15","author":"Philippova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24884","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4670","article-title":"A novel anti-GD2\/4-1BB chimeric antigen receptor triggers neuroblastoma cell killing","volume":"6","author":"Prapa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Chiavelli et al., \u201cAutologous anti-GD2 CAR T cells efficiently target primary human glioblastoma.,\u201d NPJ Precis. Oncol., vol. 8, no. 1, p. 26, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.1038\/s41698-024-00506-z.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00506-z"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. G. Majzner et al., GD2-CAR T cell therapy for H3K27M-mutated diffuse midline gliomas, vol. 603, no. 7903. Springer US, 2022. doi: 10.1038\/s41586-022-04489-4.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04489-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2009.04.009","article-title":"Analysis of GD2\/GM2 synthase mRNA as a biomarker for small cell lung cancer","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0365","first-page":"4244","article-title":"Ganglioside G(D2) in small cell lung cancer cell lines: enhancement of cell proliferation and mediation of apoptosis","volume":"61","author":"Yoshida","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Reppel et al., \u201cTargeting disialoganglioside GD2 with chimeric antigen receptor-redirected T cells in lung cancer,\u201d J. Immunother. Cancer, vol. 10, no. 1, 2022, doi: 10.1136\/jitc-2021-003897.","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003897"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-23-0259","article-title":"Rejuvenated iPSC-derived GD2-directed CART Cells harbor robust cytotoxicity against small cell lung cancer","volume":"4","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0745-2","article-title":"DLL3: an emerging target in small cell lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"Owen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-2293","article-title":"Allogeneic CAR T cells targeting DLL3 are efficacious and safe in preclinical models of small cell lung cancer","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. E. Jaspers et al., \u201cIL-18-secreting CAR T cells targeting DLL3 are highly effective in small cell lung cancer models,\u201d J. Clin. Invest., vol. 133, no. 9, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.1172\/JCI166028.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI166028"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Cai et al., \u201cEngineered circular RNA-based DLL3-targeted CAR-T therapy for small cell lung cancer.,\u201d Exp. Hematol. Oncol., vol. 14, no. 1, p. 35, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.1186\/s40164-025-00625-8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-025-00625-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.2346","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology profile of AMG119, the first chimeric antigen receptorT (CAR-T) cell therapy targeting delta-like ligand3 (DLL3), in patients with relapsed\/refractory small cell lung cancer (SCLC)","volume":"64","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr.2017.09.04","article-title":"Classification of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors: new insights","volume":"6","author":"Pelosi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Lung Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. M. Rudin, E. Brambilla, C. Faivre-Finn, and J. Sage, \u201cSmall-cell lung cancer.,\u201d Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim., vol. 7, no. 1, p. 3, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1038\/s41572-020-00235-0.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00235-0"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3686","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0187-2","article-title":"Antitumor activity of CD56-chimeric antigen receptor T cells in neuroblastoma and SCLC models","volume":"37","author":"Crossland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Q. Gao et al., \u201cCancer-cell-secreted CXCL11 promoted CD8+ T cells infiltration through docetaxel-induced-release of HMGB1 in NSCLC,\u201d J. Immunother. cancer, vol. 7, no. 1, Feb. 2019, doi: 10.1186\/S40425-019-0511-6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0511-6"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.02.004","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell delivery of oncolytic immunotherapy improves CAR-T cell antitumor activity","volume":"29","author":"McKenna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0445","article-title":"Dabrafenib upregulates hypoglycosylated MUC1 and improves the therapeutic efficacy of Tn-MUC1 CAR-T cells","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Bull., Dec."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Dec","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-33968-5","article-title":"Remodelling of tumour microenvironment by microwave ablation potentiates immunotherapy of AXL-specific CAR T cells against non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04206-3","article-title":"Inhalable CAR-T cell-derived exosomes as paclitaxel carriers for treating lung cancer","volume":"21","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2748","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-0407","article-title":"A phase I trial of regional mesothelin-targeted CAR T-cell therapy in patients with malignant pleural disease, in combination with the anti-PD-1 agent pembrolizumab","volume":"11","author":"Adusumilli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701155","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy: challenges to bench-to-bedside efficacy","volume":"200","author":"Srivastava","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0450","first-page":"Oct","article-title":"Remodeling of tumor microenvironment by tumor-targeting nanozymes enhances immune activation of CAR T cells for combination therapy","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.12.021","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblast phenotypes are associated with patient outcome in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"42","author":"Cords","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. C. Lilenbaum, J. Cashy, T. A. Hensing, S. Young, and D. Cella, \u201cPrevalence of poor performance status in lung cancer patients: implications for research.,\u201d J. Thorac. Oncol. Off. Publ. Int. Assoc. Study Lung Cancer, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 125\u2013129, Feb. 2008, doi: 10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181622c17.","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181622c17"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Lussana et al., \u201cDonor-derived CARCIK-CD19 cells engineered with Sleeping Beauty transposon in acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapsed after allogeneic transplantation.,\u201d Blood Cancer J., vol. 15, no. 1, p. 54, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.1038\/s41408-025-01260-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-025-01260-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711_b0475","article-title":"CAR-T plus radiotherapy: a promising combination for immunosuppressive tumors","volume":"12","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Lung Cancer"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169500225006038?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169500225006038?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T14:41:35Z","timestamp":1757083295000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0169500225006038"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":95,"alternative-id":["S0169500225006038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711","relation":{},"ISSN":["0169-5002"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0169-5002","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"CAR-T for Lung Cancers: Challenges and Innovations","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Lung Cancer","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lungcan.2025.108711","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108711"}}