{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:35:20Z","timestamp":1790868920341,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024370","name":"MIUR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024370","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza Universit\u00e0 di Roma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022EHN49M_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022EHN49M_003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular Aspects of Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T10:39:55Z","timestamp":1756377595000},"page":"101398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Evolution of the incidence of male fertility disorders over the last decades"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Pallotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Buonacquisto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaia","family":"Cicolani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Chiara","family":"Conflitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9699-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatella","family":"Paoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00418-0","article-title":"Pubertal development and regulation","volume":"4","author":"Abreu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.09.009","article-title":"MicroRNA expression profiles in human testicular tissues of infertile men with different histopathologic patterns","volume":"101","author":"Abu-Halima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/01485010390129296","article-title":"Changes in semen quality in Jerusalem between 1990 and 2000: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study","volume":"49","author":"Almagor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Androl."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00791","article-title":"From sperm motility to sperm-borne microRNA signatures: new approaches to predict Male fertility potential","volume":"21","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14434","article-title":"Impact of heavy alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking on sperm DNA integrity","volume":"54","author":"Amor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199502023320501","article-title":"Decline in semen quality among fertile men in Paris during the past 20 years","volume":"332","author":"Auger","year":"1995","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/12.4.740","article-title":"Evidence for regional differences of semen quality among fertile French men. F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Francaise des Centres d'Etude et de Conservation des Oeufs et du Sperme humains","volume":"12","author":"Auger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-022-00626-w","article-title":"Spatiotemporal trends in human semen quality","volume":"19","author":"Auger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der045","article-title":"No secular trend over the last decade in sperm counts among Swedish men from the general population","volume":"26","author":"Axelsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2635","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019184","article-title":"Statistical modelling reveals demography and time are the main contributing factors in global sperm count changes between 1938 and 1996","volume":"11","author":"Bahadur","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"287","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21686","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.328054","article-title":"MicroRNA-449 and microRNA-34b\/c function redundantly in murine testes by targeting E2F transcription factor-retinoblastoma protein (E2F-pRb) pathway","volume":"22","author":"Bao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5097","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13175097","article-title":"The smoky impact of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on testicular function","volume":"13","author":"Barbagallo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"9417","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15998-9","article-title":"Difference in prevalence of congenital cryptorchidism in infants between two Nordic countries","volume":"363","author":"Boisen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1590\/S1677-5538.IBJU.2014.0186","article-title":"Decline in semen quality among infertile men in Brazil during the past 10 years","volume":"41","author":"Borges","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Braz. J. Urol."},{"issue":"7029","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.312.7029.471","article-title":"Time series analysis of sperm concentration in fertile men in Toulouse, France between 1977 and 1992","volume":"312","author":"Bujan","year":"1996","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2009.05.004","article-title":"Cigarette smoke extract immobilizes human spermatozoa and induces sperm apoptosis","volume":"19","author":"Calogero","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2015.07.012","article-title":"Paternal obesity negatively affects male fertility and assisted reproduction outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Campbell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1364634","article-title":"Editorial: functional acquired hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in males","volume":"15","author":"Cangiano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051728","article-title":"Molecular biology of spermatogenesis: novel targets of apparently idiopathic Male infertility","volume":"3","author":"Cannarella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10050993","article-title":"Temporal trend of conventional sperm parameters in a Sicilian population in the decade 2011-2020","volume":"10","author":"Cannarella","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2024.101273","article-title":"Obesity and male fertility disorders","volume":"97","author":"Cannarella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Aspect. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02436-9","article-title":"Effects of endocrine disruptors on fetal testis development, male puberty, and transition age","volume":"72","author":"Cargnelutti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-022-01769-8","article-title":"Risk factors on testicular function in adolescents","volume":"45","author":"Cargnelutti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.4103\/aja202297","article-title":"A decade of WHO 2010: total sperm number temporal trend and role of lifestyle factors","volume":"25","author":"Cargnelutti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"issue":"6854","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6854.609","article-title":"Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years","volume":"305","author":"Carlsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12149","article-title":"Decline in sperm count and motility in young adult men from 2003 to 2013: observations from a U.S. sperm bank","volume":"4","author":"Centola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/365691","article-title":"Shedding light on the controversy surrounding the temporal decline in human sperm counts: a systematic review","author":"Cocuzza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021007","article-title":"Sperm DNA fragmentation and sperm-borne miRNAs: molecular biomarkers of embryo development?","volume":"24","author":"Conflitti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.05.003","article-title":"Spermatozoa micro ribonucleic acid-34c level is correlated with intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes","volume":"104","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2022.02.006","article-title":"Emerging concepts of miRNA therapeutics: from cells to clinic","volume":"38","author":"Diener","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00733-w","article-title":"Sperm miR-34c-5p-5p transcript content and its Association with sperm parameters in unexplained infertile men","volume":"29","author":"Dorostghoal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex062","article-title":"Semen quality of young men from the general population in Baltic countries","volume":"32","author":"Erenpreiss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.07.015","article-title":"Paternal smoking and germ cell death: a mechanistic link to the effects of cigarette smoke on spermatogenesis and possible long-term sequelae in offspring","volume":"435","author":"Esakky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib34","first-page":"475","volume":"vol.118","author":"Feferkorn","year":"2022"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-022-01741-6","article-title":"Management of male factor infertility: position statement from the Italian Society of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (SIAMS) : endorsing organization: italian society of embryology, reproduction, and research (SIERR)","volume":"45","author":"Ferlin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2019.08.001","article-title":"Sperm count and hypogonadism as markers of general Male health","volume":"7","author":"Ferlin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14023","article-title":"Sperm DNA damage and cytokines in varicocele: a case-control study","volume":"53","author":"Finelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05552-x","article-title":"Seminal plasma miRNAs in Klinefelter syndrome and in obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia","volume":"47","author":"Finocchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58284-3","article-title":"Geographic variations in sperm counts: a potential cause of bias in studies of semen quality","volume":"65","author":"Fisch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/12.4.727","article-title":"The in-vitro effects of nicotine and cotinine on sperm motility","volume":"12","author":"Gandini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343745","article-title":"Myth and reality of the decline in semen quality: an example of the relativity of data interpretation","volume":"23","author":"Gandini","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010179","article-title":"The molecular basis of Male infertility in obesity: a literature review","volume":"25","author":"George","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345105","article-title":"Incidence at birth and natural history of cryptorchidism: a study of 10,730 consecutive male infants","volume":"25","author":"Ghirri","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12659","article-title":"Risk behaviours and alcohol in adolescence are negatively associated with testicular volume: results from the amico-andrologo survey","volume":"7","author":"Gianfrilli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(05)70042-6","article-title":"Declining male fertility and environmental factors","volume":"27","author":"Giwercman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48619","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14950","article-title":"The impact of BMI on sperm parameters and the metabolite changes of seminal plasma concomitantly","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13586","article-title":"Role of genetics and epigenetics in male infertility","volume":"53","author":"Gunes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2014.00245.x","article-title":"Impact of cigarette smoking on histone (H2B) to protamine ratio in human spermatozoa and its relation to sperm parameters","volume":"2","author":"Hamad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"447","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05939","article-title":"A microRNA component of the p53 tumour suppressor network","volume":"28","author":"He","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/14647273.2018.1504325","article-title":"Genetic aspects of idiopathic asthenozoospermia as a cause of male infertility","volume":"23","author":"Heidary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Fertil (Camb)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1343887","article-title":"The epidemiology of cryptorchidism and potential risk factors, including endocrine disrupting chemicals","volume":"15","author":"Holmboe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol.(Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-002223","article-title":"Semen quality of fertile Japanese men: a cross-sectional population-based study of 792 men","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep390","article-title":"What has happened to human fertility?","volume":"25","author":"Joffe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.1012","article-title":"Regional differences in semen quality in Europe","volume":"16","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.8.2199","article-title":"East-West gradient in semen quality in the nordic-baltic area: a study of men from the general population in Denmark, Norway, Estonia and Finland","volume":"17","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-000990","article-title":"Human semen quality in the new millennium: a prospective cross-sectional population-based study of 4867 men","volume":"2","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa378","article-title":"Time and spatial trends of operated cryptorchidism in France and environmental hypotheses: a nationwide study from 2002 to 2014","volume":"36","author":"Le Moal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. (Oxford, England)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13617","article-title":"Obesity and male infertility: mechanisms and management","volume":"53","author":"Leisegang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac035","article-title":"Temporal trends in sperm count: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of samples collected globally in the 20th and 21st centuries","volume":"29","author":"Levine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.4077\/CJP.2016.BAF441","article-title":"Decline in semen quality in men in northern Taiwan between 2001 and 2010","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Physiol."},{"issue":"109","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1110368109","article-title":"Sperm-borne microRNA-34c is required for the first cleavage division in mouse","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.188","article-title":"E2F1-inducible microRNA 449a\/b suppresses cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis","volume":"17","author":"Liz\u00e9","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1996.05122.x","article-title":"Varicocele testis and testicular temperature","volume":"78","author":"Lund","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp047","article-title":"The impact of body mass index on semen parameters and reproductive hormones in human males: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"MacDonald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)30540-4","article-title":"The male factor in fertility and infertility. III. An analysis of motile activity in the spermatozoa of 1000 fertile men and 1000 men in infertile marriage","volume":"2","author":"MacLeod","year":"1951","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)43808-2","article-title":"Male fertility potential in terms of semen quality: a review of the past, a study of the present","volume":"31","author":"MacLeod","year":"1979","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib67","first-page":"221","article-title":"Evaluation of trend in semen analysis for 11 years in subjects attending a fertility clinic in India","volume":"5","author":"Marimuthu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2024.102780","article-title":"Population-based surveillance of congenital anomalies over 40 years (1981-2020): results from the Paris registry of congenital malformations (remaPAR)","volume":"53","author":"Monier","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Obstet. Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-019-00025-4","article-title":"Expression and methylation pattern of hsa-miR-34 family in sperm samples of infertile men","volume":"27","author":"Momeni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2008.00900.x","article-title":"Seminal reactive oxygen species-antioxidant relationship in fertile males with and without varicocele","volume":"41","author":"Mostafa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)40454-1","article-title":"Semen analysis: evidence for changing parameters of male fertility potential","volume":"25","author":"Nelson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.09.058","article-title":"Population based nationwide study of hypospadias in Sweden, 1973 to 2009: incidence and risk factors","volume":"191","author":"Nordenvall","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-199310000-00002","article-title":"Nicotine, cotinine, and trans-3-hydroxycotinine levels in seminal plasma of smokers: effects on sperm parameters","volume":"15","author":"Pacifici","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1995.1009","article-title":"Environmental tobacco smoke: nicotine and cotinine concentration in semen","volume":"68","author":"Pacifici","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0713-z","article-title":"Varicocele and semen quality: a retrospective case-control study of 4230 patients from a single centre","volume":"41","author":"Pallotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020471","article-title":"Mechanisms of testicular disruption from exposure to bisphenol A and phtalates","volume":"9","author":"Pallotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-022-01778-7","article-title":"The impact of male factors and their correct and early diagnosis in the infertile couple's pathway: 2021 perspectives","volume":"45","author":"Pallotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib78","article-title":"Investigating the role of the microRNA-34\/449 family in Male infertility: a critical analysis and review of the literature","volume":"1","author":"Pantos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4989","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15234989","article-title":"Observational cross-sectional study on mediterranean diet and sperm parameters","volume":"15","author":"Petre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13229","article-title":"Increased androgen-related comorbidity in adolescents and adults born with hypospadias: a population-based study","volume":"10","author":"Phillips","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib81","first-page":"611","article-title":"Electronic address: asrm@asrm.org, & practice committee of the American society for reproductive medicine, 2018. Smoking and infertility: a committee opinion","volume":"110","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)00377-4","article-title":"No evidence for decreasing semen quality in four birth cohorts of 1,055 Danish men born between 1950 and 1970","volume":"68","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0000000000000599","article-title":"Declining sperm counts\u2026 or rather not? A mini review","volume":"73","author":"Ravanos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Surv."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.9.2468","article-title":"Higher sperm counts in Southern Sweden compared with Denmark","volume":"17","author":"Richthoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hu Reprod"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des415","article-title":"Decline in semen concentration and morphology in a sample of 26,609 men close to general population between 1989 and 2005 in France","volume":"28","author":"Rolland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib86","first-page":"320","article-title":"Implications of lifestyle factors on male reproductive health","volume":"28","author":"Rotimi","year":"2024","journal-title":"JBRA Assist. Reprod."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx006","article-title":"Dietary patterns, foods and nutrients in male fertility parameters and fecundability: a systematic review of observational studies","volume":"23","author":"Salas-Huetos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12714","article-title":"The role of miRNAs in male human reproduction: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Salas-Huetos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13460","article-title":"Does an increase in adipose tissue 'weight' affect male fertility? A systematic review and meta-analysis based on semen analysis performed using the WHO 2010 criteria","volume":"12","author":"Santi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988316643383","article-title":"The disappearing sperms: analysis of reports published between 1980 and 2015","volume":"11","author":"Sengupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Mens Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327117703690","article-title":"Decline in sperm count in European men during the past 50 years","volume":"37","author":"Sengupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dms050","article-title":"BMI in relation to sperm count: an updated systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Sermondade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.04.010","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and semen quality: a new meta-analysis examining the effect of the 2010 world health organization laboratory methods for the examination of human semen","volume":"70","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"issue":"256","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib94","article-title":"The effect of sperm miR-34c on human embryonic development kinetics and clinical outcomes","volume":"1","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12723","article-title":"Fertility in adult men born with hypospadias: a nationwide register-based cohort study on birthrates, the use of assisted reproductive technologies and infertility","volume":"8","author":"Skarin Nordenvall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib96","series-title":"The Testis in Normal and Infertile Men","first-page":"489","article-title":"What is oligospermia?","author":"Smith","year":"1977"},{"issue":"510","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13413","article-title":"miR-34\/449 miRNAs are required for motile ciliogenesis by repressing cp110","volume":"5","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2015.02.008","article-title":"Epigenetic inheritance and evolution: a paternal perspective on dietary influences","volume":"118","author":"Soubry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-024-03717-3","article-title":"Are they functional hypogonadal men? Testosterone serum levels unravel male idiopathic infertility subgroups","volume":"84","author":"Spaggiari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1184530","article-title":"New perspectives in functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: beyond late onset hypogonadism","volume":"14","author":"Spaziani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.106.000729","article-title":"Trends in semen parameters in the northeast of Scotland","volume":"28","author":"Sripada","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.971051228","article-title":"Have sperm densities declined? A reanalysis of global trend data","volume":"105","author":"Swan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6152","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176152","article-title":"The effects of E-Cigarette vapor components on the morphology and function of the Male and female reproductive systems: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Szumilas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2012.07.002","article-title":"Effect of smoking on sperm vitality, DNA integrity, seminal oxidative stress, zinc in fertile men","volume":"80","author":"Taha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urology"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-022-00936-z","article-title":"Identification of deleterious variants in patients with male infertility due to idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia","volume":"2","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"8017","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07472-3","article-title":"Epigenetic inheritance of diet-induced and sperm-borne mitochondrial RNAs","volume":"630","author":"Tomar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib107","article-title":"Male obesity: associated effects on fertility and the outcomes of offspring","author":"Venigalla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib108","article-title":"Sperm-borne miR-449b influences cleavage, epigenetic reprogramming and apoptosis of SCNT embryos in bovine","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.01.002","article-title":"The great debate: Varicocele treatment and impact on fertility","volume":"95","author":"Will","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib110","series-title":"WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib111","series-title":"WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen","year":"2021"},{"issue":"111","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib112","first-page":"E2851","article-title":"Two miRNA clusters, miR-34b\/c and miR-449, are essential for normal brain development, motile ciliogenesis, and spermatogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0067-7","article-title":"Environmental susceptibility of the sperm epigenome during windows of Male germ cell development","volume":"2","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Environ. Health Rep."},{"issue":"116","key":"10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3584","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1817018116","article-title":"Motile cilia of the male reproductive system require miR-34\/miR-449 for development and function to generate luminal turbulence","volume":"26","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Molecular Aspects of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0098299725000627?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0098299725000627?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T16:30:31Z","timestamp":1772814631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0098299725000627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":114,"alternative-id":["S0098299725000627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398","relation":{},"ISSN":["0098-2997"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0098-2997","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evolution of the incidence of male fertility disorders over the last decades","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Molecular Aspects of Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mam.2025.101398","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101398"}}