{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T21:08:21Z","timestamp":1788815301591,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013276","name":"Interreg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Marine Pollution Bulletin"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T14:40:11Z","timestamp":1768920011000},"page":"119265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Deciphering copper and zinc leaching from antifouling paints with different operating modes: flux determination and toxicity evidence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"225","author":[{"given":"V.","family":"Lenoble","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Layglon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Pages","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"D'Onofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Misson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0005","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial properties of Cobalt(III), Nickel(III), Copper(II) and Zinc(II) complexes with pyridine and thiocyanate","volume":"18","author":"Abalintsina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.06.056","article-title":"Release and detection of nanosized copper from a commercial antifouling paint","volume":"102","author":"Adeleye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0015","series-title":"Allied Market Research","article-title":"Antifouling paints & coatings market: by type, by application, by geography \u2013 global opportunity analysis & industry forecast, 2024\u20132030","author":"Allied Market Research","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2007.01.017","article-title":"Marine paints: the particular case of antifouling paints","volume":"59","author":"Almeida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.12.001","article-title":"Antifouling processes and toxicity effects of antifouling paints on marine environment. A review","volume":"57","author":"Amara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-017-9740-1","article-title":"Efficacy and ecotoxicity of novel anti-fouling nanomaterials in target and non-target marine species","volume":"19","author":"Avelelas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3354\/meps010257","article-title":"The ecological role of water-column microbes in the sea","volume":"10","author":"Azam","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2014.09.013","article-title":"Acute and chronic toxicities of zinc pyrithione alone and in combination with copper to the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus","volume":"157","author":"Bao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.02.031","article-title":"Antifouling activity of commercial biocides vs. natural and natural-derived products assessed by marine bacteria adhesion bioassay","volume":"62","author":"Camps","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2017.06.006","article-title":"Trace metal contamination as a toxic and structuring factor impacting ultraphytoplankton communities in a multicontaminated Mediterranean coastal area","volume":"163","author":"Coclet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa048","article-title":"Impacts of copper and lead exposure on prokaryotic communities from contaminated contrasted coastal seawaters: the influence of previous metal exposure","volume":"96","author":"Coclet","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2021.1910003","article-title":"Occurrence, effects and environmental risk of antifouling biocides (EU PT21): are marine ecosystems threatened?","volume":"52","author":"de Campos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66120","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-35640-5","article-title":"Evaluating toxic impact on marine microbial community using combined genetic and phenotypic approaches","volume":"31","author":"Delaunay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.06.139","article-title":"Combined effect of antifouling biocides on the growth of three marine microbial species","volume":"209","author":"Dupraz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0075","author":"ECHA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0080","author":"ECHA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.06.018","article-title":"Leaching of hydrophobic Cu and Zn from discarded marine antifouling paint residues: evidence for transchelation of metal pyrithiones","volume":"157","author":"Holmes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7439","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05640-11","article-title":"The microbial carbon pump: from genes to ecosystems","volume":"77","author":"Jiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.10.024","article-title":"Toxicity of anti-fouling paints for use on ships and leisure boats to non-target organisms representing three trophic levels","volume":"158","author":"Karlsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Pol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X(03)00253-4","article-title":"The effects of a copperbased antifouling paint on mortality and enzymatic activity of a non-target marine organism","volume":"46","author":"Katranitsas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2025.107084","article-title":"Acute toxicity of antifouling agents CuSO4, ZnPT and CuPT on marine diatoms Skeletonema costatum and Navicula sp","volume":"207","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116383","article-title":"Antifouling paints leach copper in excess \u2013study of metal release rates and efficacy along a salinity gradient","volume":"186","author":"Lagerstr\u00f6m","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2020.111196","article-title":"Long-term monitoring emphasizes impacts of the dredging on dissolved Cu and Pb contamination along with ultraplankton distribution and structure in Toulon Bay (NW Mediterranean Sea, France)","volume":"156","author":"Layglon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2017.1404036","article-title":"Ecotoxicity of organic and organo-metallic antifouling co-biocides and implications for environmental hazard and risk assessments in aquatic ecosystems","volume":"34","author":"Martins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.03.009","article-title":"Antifouling paint particles in intertidal estuarine sediments from southwest England and their ingestion by the harbour ragworm, Hediste diversicolor","volume":"249","author":"Muller-Karanassos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0130","series-title":"European regulation no 528\/2012 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 May 2012 concerning the making available on the market and use of biocidal products","first-page":"1","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.02.008","article-title":"Significance of data treatment and experimental setup on the determination of copper complexing parameters by anodic stripping voltammetry","volume":"664","author":"Omanovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30090","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17662-5","article-title":"Biocides in antifouling paint formulation currently registered for use","volume":"29","author":"Paz-Villarraga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/maco.200604002","article-title":"Release and chemical speciation of copper from anti-fouling paints with different active copper compounds in artificial seawater","volume":"58","author":"Sandberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Corros."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2003.08.016","article-title":"Copper emissions from antifouling paint on recreational vessels","volume":"48","author":"Schiff","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113895","article-title":"Copper leaching from recreational vessel antifouling paints in freshwater: a Berlin case study","volume":"301","author":"Schr\u00f6der","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0160","first-page":"21","article-title":"The biological productivity of the ocean","volume":"3","author":"Sigman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Educ. Knowl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.010","article-title":"Eco-friendly non-biocide-release coatings for marine biofouling prevention","volume":"650","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2008.10.003","article-title":"Leaching of copper and zinc from spent antifouling paint particles","volume":"157","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-019-4361-0","article-title":"Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) as an antifouling biocide in the marine environment\u2014a literature review of its toxicity, environmental fates, and analytical methods","volume":"230","author":"Soon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.166658","article-title":"Protecting the invisible: establishing guideline values for copper toxicity to marine microbiomes","volume":"904","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22397","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c04124","article-title":"Defining site-specific water quality guidelines for marine microbiomes under contaminant stress","volume":"59","author":"Thomas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.125102","article-title":"Making waves: advancing environmental risk assessment through the quantification of marine microbial sensitivity thresholds","volume":"290","author":"Thomas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.975877","article-title":"Interoperable vocabulary for marine microbial flow cytometry","volume":"9","author":"Thyssen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2009.01.008","article-title":"Bioaccessibility of metals in soils and dusts contaminated by marine antifouling paint particles","volume":"157","author":"Turner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02696144","article-title":"Solubility and toxic effect of the cuprous thiocyanate antifouling pigment on barnacle larvae","volume":"69","author":"Vetere","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Coatings Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2004.06.012","article-title":"Investigation of recreational boats as a source of copper at anchorage sites using time-integrated diffusive gradients in thin film and sediment measurements","volume":"49","author":"Warnken","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.04.059","article-title":"Can the input of biocides and polymeric substances from antifouling paints into the sea be reduced by the use of non-toxic hard coatings?","volume":"144","author":"Waterman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2024.116466","article-title":"Environmental occurrence, biological effects, and health implications of zinc pyrithione: a review","volume":"203","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2005.03.008","article-title":"Reaction rate estimation of controlled-release antifouling paint binders: rosin-based systems","volume":"53","author":"Yebra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.02.036","article-title":"Comparison of toxicity and release rates of CU AND Zn from anti-fouling paints leached in natural and artificial brackish seawater","volume":"408","author":"Ytreberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.03.029","article-title":"XRF measurements of tin, copper and zinc in antifouling paints coated on leisure boats","volume":"213","author":"Ytreberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111846","article-title":"Environmental risk assessment of using antifouling paints on pleasure crafts in European Union waters","volume":"281","author":"Ytreberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."}],"container-title":["Marine Pollution Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025326X26000524?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025326X26000524?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:24:09Z","timestamp":1788812649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0025326X26000524"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0025326X26000524"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-326X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-326X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Deciphering copper and zinc leaching from antifouling paints with different operating modes: flux determination and toxicity evidence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.119265","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"119265"}}