{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T10:31:16Z","timestamp":1793442676282,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000190","name":"U.S. Department of Commerce","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA18OAR4170076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA18OAR4170076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Project R\/IR-54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project R\/IR-54"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008784","name":"University of Hawai'i at Hilo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008784","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008782","name":"University of Hawai'i","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Institutional Grant No., NA18OAR4170076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Institutional Grant No., NA18OAR4170076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008782","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005797","name":"Hawai'i Sea Grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032023","name":"Pacific Islands Climate Adaptation Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032023","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Marine Pollution Bulletin"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:16:06Z","timestamp":1787242566000},"page":"120264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"P2","title":["Identifying wastewater pollution hotspots in coastal Hawaiian waters with high freshwater inputs"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"233","author":[{"suffix":"III","given":"Joseph W.P.","family":"Nakoa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy N.","family":"Wiegner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven L.","family":"Colbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla J.","family":"McDermid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shayla M.P.","family":"Waiki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas M.","family":"Storie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devon K.","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig E.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.02.005","article-title":"A multi-indicator approach for identifying shoreline sewage pollution hotspots adjacent to coral reefs","volume":"129","author":"Abaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0010","series-title":"Marine Red Algae of the Hawaiian Islands","author":"Abbott","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0015","series-title":"Marine Green and Brown Algae of the Hawaiian Islands","author":"Abbott","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.281","article-title":"Groundwater nutrient inputs into an urbanized tropical estuary system in Indonesia","volume":"627","author":"Adyasari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2023.114662","article-title":"Detection and impact of sewage pollution on South Kohala\u2019s coral reefs, Hawaii","volume":"188","author":"Aguiar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165825","article-title":"Impact of submarine groundwater discharge on marine water quality and reef biota of Maui","volume":"11","author":"Amato","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0035","author":"ASCE (American Society for Civil Engineers)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.37.1.55-66.1979","article-title":"Membrane-filter enumeration method for Clostridium perfringens","volume":"37","author":"Bisson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0050","series-title":"Hawai\u2018i Tribune Herald","article-title":"Hawai\u2018i County next month could approve a bid for contractors to begin the long-awaited overhaul of the Hilo Wastewater Treatment Plant","author":"Brestovansky","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155319","article-title":"Septic system\u2013groundwater\u2013surface water couplings in waterfront communities contribute to harmful algal blooms in Southwest Florida","volume":"837","author":"Brewton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2005.01.022","article-title":"Effects of suburban development on runoff generation in the Croton River basin, New York, USA","volume":"311","author":"Burns","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-015-5081-6","article-title":"Multiple modes of water quality impairment by fecal contamination in a rapidly developing coastal area: southwest Brunswick County, North Carolina","volume":"188","author":"Cahoon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3354\/ame01797","article-title":"Effects of submarine groundwater discharge on bacterial growth efficiency in coastal Hawaiian waters","volume":"77","author":"Carlson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquat. Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0080","author":"Colo","year":"2025"},{"issue":"6e7","key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0085","article-title":"The effectiveness of selected microbial and chemical indicators to detect sewer leakage impacts on urban groundwater quality","volume":"54","author":"Cronin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.07.052","article-title":"Comparative studies on Enterococcus, Clostridium perfringens and Staphylococcus aureus as quality indicators in tropical seawater at a Pacific Mexican beach resort","volume":"64","author":"Curiel-Ayala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2011.12.004","article-title":"Algal \u03b415N values detect a wastewater effluent plume in nearshore and offshore surface waters and three-dimensionally model the plume across a coral reef on Maui, Hawai\u02bbi, USA","volume":"64","author":"Dailer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0100","series-title":"How Overhauling a Big Island Sewer Plant is Energizing a Long-stalled Park","author":"Dayton","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5217","DOI":"10.1021\/es0700449","article-title":"Identifying sources of nitrogen to Hanalei Bay, Kaua\u2018i, utilizing the nitrogen isotope signature of macroalgae","volume":"41","author":"Derse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0110","series-title":"Honolulu Civil Beat","article-title":"\u2018Acute problems\u2019 plaguing Big Island\u2019s wastewater treatment systems prompt EPA crackdown","author":"Dobbyn","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0115","first-page":"l265","article-title":"Coastal pollution from septic tank drainfields","volume":"108","author":"Duda","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2019.05.0196","article-title":"Rainfall and streamflow effects on estuarine Staphylococcus aureus and fecal indicator bacteria concentrations","volume":"48","author":"Economy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0125","series-title":"U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2011\u20135078","article-title":"A water-budget model and assessment of groundwater recharge for the island of Hawai\u02bbi","author":"Engott","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2001.0419","article-title":"Monitoring coastal waters for spore-forming bacteria of faecal and soil origin to determine point from non-point source pollution","volume":"44","author":"Fujioka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.41.3.690-696.1981","article-title":"Effect of sunlight on survival of indicator bacteria in seawater","volume":"41","author":"Fujioka","year":"1981","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-11-00228.1","article-title":"Online rainfall atlas of Hawai\u2018i","author":"Giambelluca","year":"2013","journal-title":"B. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0145","series-title":"Final Report. Prepared for State of Hawai\u2018i Department of Health, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center","article-title":"Lahaina groundwater tracer study \u2013 Lahaina, Maui, Hawai\u2018i","author":"Glenn","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0165","series-title":"Interim Report of a Baseline Study on Water Quality at Kapoho Bay, Hawai\u2018i","author":"HDOH (Hawai\u2018i Department of Health)","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0170","series-title":"Rationale for the Proposed Revisions to Department of Health Administrative Rules, Title 11, Chapter 62: Wastewater Systems","author":"HDOH (Hawai\u2018i Department of Health)","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0175","series-title":"Report to the Twenty-Ninth Legislature State of Hawai\u02bbi 2018 Regular Session Relating to Cesspools and Prioritization for Replacement","author":"HDOH (Hawai\u2018i Department of Health)","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0180","series-title":"Hawai\u2018i Administrative Rules, Title 11, Chapter 11\u201354: Water Quality Standards","author":"HDOH (Hawai\u2018i Department of Health)","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0190","series-title":"Hawaiian Reef Plants","author":"Huisman","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2011.310","article-title":"Evaluation of on-site wastewater system <i>Escherichia coli<\/i> contributions to shallow groundwater in coastal North Carolina","volume":"63","author":"Humphrey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0200","series-title":"Hawai\u2018i land cover and habitat status: USGS data release","author":"Jacobi","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0205","series-title":"Predicting sea level rise impacts to coastal wastewater infrastructures and water quality along the Kailua-Kona shoreline","author":"Kamau","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0210","article-title":"A review of climate-driven threats to recreational water users in Hawai\u2018i","author":"Kiefer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wild. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.03.024","article-title":"Multiple lines of evidence to identify sewage as the cause of water quality impairment in an urbanized tropical watershed","volume":"116","author":"Kirs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/w12113029","article-title":"Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to coastal waters of Saipan (Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, USA): implications for nitrogen sources, transport and ecological effects","volume":"12","author":"Knapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-008-9055-6","article-title":"Sources of nutrients and fecal indicator bacteria to nearshore waters on the north shore of Kaua\u2018i (Hawai\u2018i, USA)","volume":"31","author":"Knee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2017.09.005","article-title":"Septic systems contribute to nutrient pollution and harmful algal blooms in the St. Lucie Estuary, Southeast Florida, USA","volume":"70","author":"Lapointe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004074004416","article-title":"Light-and nutrient-limited periphyton in low order streams of Oahu, Hawaii","volume":"432","author":"Larned","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0240","first-page":"194","article-title":"Water quality in a subtropical embayment more than a decade after diversion of sewage discharges","volume":"50","author":"Laws","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pac. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.345","article-title":"Identification of sources and transformations of nitrate in the Xijiang River using nitrate isotopes and Bayesian model","volume":"646","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2018.11.043","article-title":"Seasonality of nitrate sources and isotopic composition in the Upper Illinois River","volume":"568","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0255","series-title":"Geological, Biological, and Water Quality Investigations of Hilo Bay","author":"M & E Pacific","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pwat.0000167","article-title":"Onsite sanitation systems and contamination of groundwater: a systematic review of the evidence for risk using the source-pathway-receptor model","volume":"3","author":"Mbae","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5589","DOI":"10.1021\/ac050528s","article-title":"Chemical conversion of nitrate and nitrite to nitrous oxide for nitrogen and oxygen isotopic analysis in freshwater and seawater","volume":"77","author":"McIlvin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/lol2.10186","article-title":"Sea-level rise drives wastewater leakage to coastal waters and storm drains","volume":"6","author":"McKenzie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0275","series-title":"Hawai\u02bbi Cesspool Hazard Assessment and Prioritization Tool 2021: Report and Technical Appendices","author":"Mezzacapo","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1936-704X.2020.03339.x","article-title":"Hawai \u2018i\u2019s cesspool problem: review and recommendations for water resources and human health","volume":"170","author":"Mezzacapo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Water Res. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2012.05.001","article-title":"Isotopic and microbial indicators of sewage pollution from Stone Town, Zanzibar, Tanzania","volume":"64","author":"Moynihan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0290","series-title":"Dilution of Sewage Pollution in the Coastal Waters of Hilo, Hawai\u02bbi, USA: An Area with High River and Groundwater Inputs (Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Hawai\u2019i at Hilo)","author":"Nakoa","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0295","author":"NOAA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2018.12.016","article-title":"A septic waste index model to measure the impact of septic tanks on coastal water quality and coral reef communities in Rincon, Puerto Rico","volume":"169","author":"Norat-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40562-016-0041-8","article-title":"Classifying Pacific islands","volume":"3","author":"Nunn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2013.05.0195","article-title":"Quantifying the contribution of on-site wastewater treatment systems to stream discharge using the SWAT model","volume":"43","author":"Oliver","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.113143","article-title":"Spatial distribution and sources of nutrients at two coastal developments in South Kohala, Hawai\u02bbi","volume":"174","author":"Panelo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0320","series-title":"Atlas of Hawaiian Watersheds and Their Aquatic Resources","author":"Parham","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009672","article-title":"Source partitioning using stable isotopes: coping with too much variation","volume":"5","author":"Parnell","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1002\/env.2221","article-title":"Bayesian stable isotope mixing models","volume":"24","author":"Parnell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environmetrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-016-9822-0","article-title":"Mapping ocean currents through human observations: insights from Hilo Bay, Hawai\u02bbi","volume":"44","author":"Puniwai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.02.017","article-title":"Risk factors for elevated Enterococcus concentrations in a rural tropical island watershed","volume":"92","author":"Ragosta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.05.044","article-title":"Potential tracers for tracking septic tank effluent discharges in watercourses","volume":"228","author":"Richards","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.1997.0730","article-title":"Sources of faecal indicator bacteria in a brackish, tropical stream and their impact on recreational water quality","volume":"35","author":"Roll","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6300","key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag1058","article-title":"Continental patterns of submarine groundwater discharge reveal coastal vulnerabilities","volume":"353","author":"Sawyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology6010018","article-title":"Assessment of terrigenous nutrient loading to coastal ecosystems along a human land-use gradient, Tutuila, American Samoa","volume":"6","author":"Shuler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0365","first-page":"279","article-title":"Kaneohe Bay sewage diversion experiment: perspectives on ecosystem responses to nutritional perturbation","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pac. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0370","first-page":"85","author":"Smith","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12614","article-title":"Evaluating the influence of septic systems and watershed characteristics on stream faecal pollution in suburban watersheds in Georgia, USA","volume":"117","author":"Sowah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.11037","article-title":"Detection and modeling of Staphylococcus aureus and fecal bacteria in Hawaiian coastal waters and sands","volume":"96","author":"Steadmon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0385","unstructured":"Storie, N., S. Waiki, J. Nakoa, D. Aguiar, S. Colbert, T. Wienger, and C. Nelson (in review). Microbial community profiling advances the detection and characterization of wastewater pollution in tropical coastal waters with freshwater inputs. Submitted to Environmental Microbiology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1080\/02626667.2017.1310381","article-title":"Relative change in stream discharge from a tropical watershed improves predictions of fecal bacteria in near-shore environments","volume":"62","author":"Strauch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2025.117833","article-title":"Baseline conditions and land-based drivers of nearshore water quality in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia","volume":"215","author":"Tonga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162716","article-title":"Widespread human waste pollution in surface waters observed throughout the urbanized, coastal communities of Lee County, Florida, USA","volume":"879","author":"Tyre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0490","author":"United States Census Bureau"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0405","series-title":"Rapid watershed assessment. Hilo watershed, Hawaii","author":"USDA NRCS (United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service)","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0410","author":"USEPA (United States Environmental Agency)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0415","series-title":"Energy Assessment Report for the County of Hawai\u02bbi Hilo Wastewater Treatment Plant","author":"USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency)","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0420","author":"USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10419","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1415836112","article-title":"Linking fecal bacteria in rivers to landscape, geochemical, and hydrologic factors and sources at the basin scale","volume":"112","author":"Verhougstraete","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.03.033","article-title":"Bacterial pathogens in Hawaiian coastal streams\u2014associations with fecal indicators, land cover, and water quality","volume":"45","author":"Viau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0435","article-title":"Sewage pollution from onsite sewage disposal systems and an offshore wastewater treatment plant outfall in coastal waters of Keaukaha, Hawai\u02bbi Island","volume":"57","author":"Waiki","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12785","article-title":"Sewage pollution: mitigation is key for coral reef stewardship","volume":"1355","author":"Wear","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0445","series-title":"Treatise on Estuarine and Coastal Science","first-page":"434","article-title":"6.13 Wastewater pollution impacts on estuarine and marine environments","author":"Wear","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0450","series-title":"Human Health and Environmental Risk Ranking of on-Site Sewage Disposal Systems for the Hawaiian Islands of Kaua\u02bbi, Moloka\u02bbi, and Hawai\u02bbi. Final Report Prepared for the State of Hawai\u02bbi Department of Health. Safe Drinking Water Branch","author":"Whittier","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0455","series-title":"Water quality in Hilo Bay, Hawai\u2018i, U.S.A., under baseflow and storm conditions. Final project report to Hawai\u2018i County and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","author":"Wiegner","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-012-9576-x","article-title":"A comparison of water quality between low-and high-flow river conditions in a tropical estuary, Hilo Bay, Hawai\u2018i","volume":"36","author":"Wiegner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Estuaries Coasts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.12.046","article-title":"Identifying nitrogen sources to thermal tide pools in Kapoho, Hawai\u02bbi, U.S.A, using multi-stable isotope approach","volume":"103","author":"Wiegner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.11.015","article-title":"Spatial and temporal microbial pollution patterns in a tropical estuary during high and low river flow conditions","volume":"114","author":"Wiegner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0475","article-title":"Identifying locations of sewage pollution within a Hawaiian watershed for coastal water quality management actions","volume":"38","author":"Wiegner","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol. Reg. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s002540050414","article-title":"Quantification of groundwater recharge in the city of Nottingham, UK","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1985.tb01506.x","article-title":"Septic tank density and ground-water contamination","volume":"23","author":"Yates","year":"1985","journal-title":"Groundwater"}],"container-title":["Marine Pollution Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025326X26010519?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025326X26010519?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T09:43:42Z","timestamp":1793439822000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0025326X26010519"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["S0025326X26010519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-326X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-326X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Identifying wastewater pollution hotspots in coastal Hawaiian waters with high freshwater inputs","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2026.120264","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120264"}}