{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T01:21:52Z","timestamp":1782177712589,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","maturitas.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Maturitas"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,21]],"date-time":"2004-09-21T14:24:36Z","timestamp":1095776676000},"page":"207-214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Continuous combined parenteral estrogen substitution and intrauterine progestogen delivery: the ideal HST combination?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Dirk","family":"Wildemeersch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Janssens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Weyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(96)00136-9","article-title":"Bioavailability of orally administered sex steroids used in oral contraception and hormone replacement therapy","volume":"54","author":"Fortherby","year":"1996","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)90249-X","article-title":"Emerging delivery systems for estrogen replacement: aspects of transdermal and oral delivery","volume":"173","author":"Nagtigall","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.3.321","article-title":"Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women","volume":"288","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14065-2","article-title":"Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the million women study","volume":"362","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11205","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy containing progestins and given continuously increases breast carcinoma risk in Sweden","volume":"97","author":"Olsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-199502040-00001","article-title":"How progestins compromise the cardioprotective effects of estrogens (Editorial)","volume":"2","author":"Sarrel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)49397-0","article-title":"Sustained intrauterine release of levonorgestrel over 5 years","volume":"45","author":"Nilsson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fert Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib8","first-page":"963","article-title":"Intrauterine release of levonorgestrel \u2013 a new way of adding progestogen in hormone replacement therapy","volume":"79","author":"Andersson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(00)00136-5","article-title":"Endometrial suppression with a new \u201cframeless\u201d levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine system in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a pilot study","volume":"36","author":"Wildemeersch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib10","series-title":"Transvaginal ultrasound","first-page":"21","article-title":"Benign conditions of the uterus, cervix and endometrium","author":"Fleischer","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib11","unstructured":"Hendrickson MR, Kempson RL. Surgical pathology of the uterine corpus. Major problems in pathology, vol. 12. Saunders, WB; 1980, p. 99\u2013158. ISBN 0-7216-4644-1."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib12","series-title":"SAS user's guide: basics, Version 5 ed","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2307\/1964828","article-title":"Recommended procedures for the statistical evaluation of intrauterine contraception","volume":"4","author":"Tietze","year":"1972","journal-title":"Stud Fam Plann"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780050512","article-title":"Life-table methods for contraceptive research","volume":"5","author":"Farley","year":"1986","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"Suppl l","key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1159\/000048141","article-title":"Physiological principles of endocrine replacement: estrogen","volume":"56","author":"Burger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hormone Res"},{"issue":"Suppl l","key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-2115(95)02355-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Menorest in two positive-controlled studies","volume":"64","author":"Pornel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(98)00009-7","article-title":"Comparison of the transdermal delivery of estradiol from two gel formulations","volume":"29","author":"Walters","year":"1998","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib18","first-page":"823","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of a novel estradiol vaginal ring for relief of menopausal symptoms","volume":"4","author":"Speroff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib19","first-page":"88","article-title":"Intranasal hormone replacement therapy","volume":"10","author":"Wattanakumtornkul","year":"2003","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/01.GME.0000054762.94658.B4","article-title":"Long-term effects of oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy on plasma homocysteine levels","volume":"4","author":"Chiantera","year":"2003","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.109656","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of different estrogens are not equivalent","volume":"184","author":"Amsbarcher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14066-4","article-title":"Differential association of oral and transdermal estrogen-replacement with venous thromboembolism risk","volume":"362","author":"Scarabin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s774-002-8446-8","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of transdermal estrogen, oral estrogen and oral estrogen-progestogen therapy on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women","volume":"20","author":"Cetinkaya","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Mineral Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(03)00046-X","article-title":"Performance and acceptability of intrauterine release of levonorgestrel with a miniature delivery system for hormonal substitution therapy, contraception and treatment in peri- and postmenopausal women","volume":"44","author":"Wildemeersch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1290.020","article-title":"Miniature low-dose intrauterine drug delivery systems","volume":"997","author":"Wildemeersch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib26","unstructured":"Boon J. The LNG intrauterine system as part of continuous combined HRT in perimenopausal women. Dissertation. The Netherlands: Faculty of Medicine, University Utrecht; 1998."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib27","first-page":"206","article-title":"New routes of HRT administration","volume":"43","author":"Birkhaiiser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Fert"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/13697130008500114","article-title":"Intrauterine application of progestins in hormone replacement therapy: a review","volume":"3","author":"Riphagen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1996.07010038.x","article-title":"Sonographic size of uterus and ovaries in pre- and postmenopausal women","volume":"7","author":"Merz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib30","unstructured":"Wildemeersch D, Weyers S, Schacht E. Low-dose intrauterine levonorgestrel-release protects the endometrium during estrogen replacement: an update. Eur J Cancer, in press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.2002.00828.x","volume":"20","author":"Warming","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-199805020-00012","article-title":"Endometrial safety during hormone replacement therapy: comparison of transvaginal sonography and endometrial biopsy","volume":"5","author":"Goldstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199712183372502","article-title":"For the postmenopausal estrogen\/progestin intervention trial (PEPI) transvaginal ultrasonography compared with endometrial biopsy for the detection of endometrial disease","volume":"337","author":"Langer","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)43212-7","article-title":"Endometrial morphology of women using a d-norgestrel-releasing intrauterine device","volume":"29","author":"Nilsson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Fert Steril"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/00004347-198609000-00005","article-title":"Endometrial morphology during long-term use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices","volume":"5","author":"Silverberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Pathol"},{"issue":"8928","key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91640-3","article-title":"Is the timing of withdrawal bleeding a guide to endometrial safety during sequential oestrogen\u2013progestogen replacement therapy?","volume":"344","author":"Sturdee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07365-5","article-title":"Risk of endometrial cancer in relation to use of oestrogen combined with cyclic progestogen therapy in postmenopausal women","volume":"349","author":"Beresford","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198112313052701","article-title":"Effects of estrogens and progestins on the biochemistry and morphology of the postmenopausal endometrium","volume":"305","author":"Whitehead","year":"1981","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200310020-00003","article-title":"Role of progestogen in hormone therapy for postmenopausal women: position statement of The North American Menopause Society","volume":"10","year":"2003","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib40","first-page":"61","article-title":"The new conundrum: do estrogens have any cardiovascular benefits?","volume":"47","author":"Clackson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Fert"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib41","unstructured":"Speroff L. A clinician's response to the WHI. In: Proceedings of the 11th World Congress of Gynecological Endocrinology. Florence; February 26\u201329, 2004. p. 129 (book of abstracts)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib42","first-page":"1148","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy regimens and breast cancer risk","volume":"100","author":"Weiss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036102","article-title":"Estrogens, progestogens, normal breast cell proliferation and breast cancer risk","volume":"15","author":"Pike","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008_bib44","first-page":"1769","article-title":"Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the women's health initiative randomized controlled trial","volume":"291","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Maturitas"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378512204002919?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378512204002919?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T08:39:56Z","timestamp":1759912796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378512204002919"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0378512204002919"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-5122"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-5122","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Continuous combined parenteral estrogen substitution and intrauterine progestogen delivery: the ideal HST combination?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Maturitas","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.08.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}