{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:26:26Z","timestamp":1789619186242,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","maturitas.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Maturitas"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]],"date-time":"2008-12-16T10:36:11Z","timestamp":1229423771000},"page":"203-213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Reprint of Breast cancer: hormones and other risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Barbara S.","family":"Hulka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia G.","family":"Moorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib1","unstructured":"Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Raymond L, Young J, editors. Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Oxford: International Agency for Research on Cancer, Oxford University Press, 1997."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib2","unstructured":"Simpson ER, Mendelson CR. The role of adipose tissue in estrogen biosynthesis in the human. In: Frisch RE, editor. Adipose Tissue and Reproduction. New York: Krager, 1990."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1990.316","article-title":"Serum estrogen levels in postmenopausal women: comparison of US whites and Japanese in Japan","volume":"62","author":"Shimizu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009582","article-title":"Timing of menopause, reproductive years, and bone mineral density: A cross-sectional study of postmenopausal Japanese women","volume":"148","author":"Osei-Hyiaman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910550604","article-title":"Estimates of the worldwide mortality from eighteen major cancers in 1985: Implications for prevention and projections of future burden","volume":"55","author":"Pisani","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib6","unstructured":"Coleman MP, Est\u2019eve J, Damiecki P, Arslan A, Renard H. Trends in Cancer Incidence and Mortality. Lyon, France: IARC Publications, 1993 No. 121."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/88.21.1571","article-title":"Recent trends in U.S. breast cancer incidence, survival, and mortality rates","volume":"88","author":"Chu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/89.3.251","article-title":"Birth cohort and calendar period trends in breast cancer mortality in the United States and Canada","volume":"89","author":"Tarone","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib9","first-page":"8","article-title":"Cancer statistics","volume":"49","author":"Landis","year":"1999","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib10","unstructured":"Ries LAG, Kosary CL, Hankey BF, Miller BA, Clegg LX, Edwards BK, editors. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-96. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, 1999 NIH Pub. No. 99-2789."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.2820741312","article-title":"Genetic epidemiology of breast cancer","volume":"74","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7545954","article-title":"A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCAl","volume":"266","author":"Miki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1998.16.5.1969","article-title":"BRCA1 and BRCA2: From molecular genetics to clinical medicine","volume":"16","author":"Blackwood","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017948","article-title":"Genetic epidemiology of breast and ovarian cancers","volume":"19","author":"Newman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib15","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Mammographic Densities and Breast Cancer Risk","volume":"7","author":"Boyd","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Epid Biomark Prevent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480070057030","article-title":"A prospective study of benign breast disease and the risk of breast cancer","volume":"267","author":"London","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198501173120303","article-title":"Risk factors for breast cancer in women with proliferative breast disease","volume":"312","author":"Dupont","year":"1985","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198911093211901","article-title":"The risk of breast cancer after irradiation of the thymus in infancy","volume":"321","author":"Hildreth","year":"1989","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198911093211902","article-title":"Mortality from breast cancer after irradiation during fluoroscopic examinations in patients being treated for tuberculosis","volume":"321","author":"Miller","year":"1989","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib20","unstructured":"Bassett LW, Hendrick RE, Bassford T, Butler PF, Carter D, et al. Quality Determinants of Mammography. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1994."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib21","first-page":"605","article-title":"Menopause and breast cancer risk","volume":"48","author":"Trichopoulos","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sex steroid hormones, bones mineral density, and risk of breast cancer","volume":"105","author":"Kuller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92713-1","article-title":"Breast cancer: cause and prevention","volume":"346","author":"Hulka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199407073310102","article-title":"Transient increase in the risk of breast cancer after giving birth","volume":"331","author":"Lambe","year":"1994","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199401133300201","article-title":"Lactation and a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer","volume":"330","author":"Newcomb","year":"1994","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115234","article-title":"The epidemiology of serum sex hormones in postmenopausal women","volume":"129","author":"Cauley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib27","first-page":"922","article-title":"Endogenous estrogen and postmenopausal breast cancer: a quantitative review","volume":"8","author":"Thomas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib28","first-page":"533","article-title":"Relation of prediagnostic serum estrogen and androgen levels to breast cancer risk, cancer epidemiology","volume":"5","author":"Dorgan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biomark Prevent"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/87.3.190","article-title":"A prospective study of endogenous estrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women","volume":"87","author":"Toniolo","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.17.1292","article-title":"Plasma sex steroid hormone levels and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women","volume":"90","author":"Hankinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib31","first-page":"51","article-title":"Serum hormone levels in pre-menopausal Chinese women in Shanghai and white women in Los Angeles: results from two breast cancer case-control studies","volume":"1","author":"Bernstein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53 297 women with breast cancer and 100 239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 1996; 347:1713-27.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90806-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52 705 women with breast cancer and 108 411 women without breast cancer. Lancet 1997; 350:1047-59.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)08233-0"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199506153322401","article-title":"The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women","volume":"332","author":"Colditz","year":"1995","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib35","first-page":"253","article-title":"Risks of breast and endometrial cancer after estrogen and estrogen\u2013progestin replacement","volume":"10","author":"Persson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1987.tb03166.x","article-title":"Longterm surveillance of mortality and cancer incidence in women receiving hormone replacement therapy","volume":"94","author":"Hunt","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1991.00400010095012","article-title":"Decreased mortality in users of estrogen replacement therapy","volume":"151","author":"Henderson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115328","article-title":"Prognosis after breast cancer diagnosis in women exposed to estrogen and estrogen\u2013progestogen replacement therapy","volume":"130","author":"Bergkvist","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)92209-C","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy in breast cancer","volume":"342","author":"DiSaia","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520070060039","article-title":"Estrogen replacement therapy in breast cancer survivors","volume":"272","author":"Cobleigh","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib41","first-page":"56","article-title":"Nutrition and breast cancer","volume":"7","author":"Hunter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-2456(97)00078-0","article-title":"Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study","volume":"19","year":"1998","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/68.6.1437S","article-title":"Soy intake and risk of breast cancer in Asians and Asian Americans","volume":"68","author":"Wu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1993.10718329","article-title":"Antioxidant micronutrients and breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Garland","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib45","first-page":"283","article-title":"The association between low levels of 1","volume":"2","author":"Janowsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"25-dihydroxyvitamin D and breast cancer risk. Publ Health Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib46","first-page":"1101","article-title":"Alcohol and breast cancer","volume":"74","author":"Schatzkin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Where are we now and where do we go from here? Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.7.535","article-title":"Alcohol and breast cancer in women: a pooled analysis of cohort studies","volume":"279","author":"Smith-Warner","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115984","article-title":"Breast cancer and cigarette smoking: a hypothesis","volume":"134","author":"Palmer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib49","first-page":"843","article-title":"A systematic review of genetic polymorphisms and breast cancer risk","volume":"8","author":"Dunning","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036118","article-title":"Breast cancer: magnitude of the problem and descriptive epidemiology","volume":"15","author":"Kelsey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91485-3","article-title":"Jewish religion and risk of breast cancer","volume":"347","author":"Egan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.2.100","article-title":"Recreational and occupational physical activities and risk of breast cancer","volume":"90","author":"Gammon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.19.1.101","article-title":"Environmental risk factors and female breast cancer","volume":"19","author":"Laden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu Rev Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009681","article-title":"Electric blanket use and breast cancer risk among younger women","volume":"148","author":"Gammon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Maturitas"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S037851220800354X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S037851220800354X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T08:44:50Z","timestamp":1759913090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S037851220800354X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S037851220800354X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-5122"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-5122","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Reprint of Breast cancer: hormones and other risk factors","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Maturitas","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.11.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}