{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:32:39Z","timestamp":1788881559408,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","mayoclinicproceedings.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mayo Clinic Proceedings"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T06:33:44Z","timestamp":1675233224000},"page":"316-331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness as Modulators of Health Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"98","author":[{"given":"Barry A.","family":"Franklin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac J.","family":"Wedig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"Sallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl J.","family":"Lavie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7955-1416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J.","family":"Elmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9838","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61031-9","article-title":"Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy","volume":"380","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103640","article-title":"Physical inactivity and non-communicable disease burden in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries","volume":"56","author":"Katzmarzyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Sport Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2014.10.003","article-title":"Strategies for promoting physical activity in clinical practice","volume":"57","author":"Sallis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7014e1","article-title":"Provisional mortality data \u2013 United States, 2020","volume":"70","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7117e1","article-title":"Provisional mortality data \u2014 United States, 2021","volume":"71","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib6","first-page":"126","article-title":"Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research","volume":"100","author":"Caspersen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e653","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000461","article-title":"Importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical practice: a case for fitness as a clinical vital sign: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"134","author":"Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.37.3.197","article-title":"Limits to the measurement of habitual physical activity by questionnaires","volume":"37","author":"Shepard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319881242","article-title":"Comparison of non-exercise cardiorespiratory fitness prediction equations in apparently healthy adults","volume":"28","author":"Peterman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"6795","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(53)90665-5","article-title":"Coronary heart \u2013 disease and physical activity of work","volume":"262","author":"Morris","year":"1953","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.88.2.774","article-title":"Waging war on modern chronic diseases: primary prevention through exercise biology","volume":"88","author":"Booth","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.08.050187.001345","article-title":"Physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease","volume":"8","author":"Powell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e3282f55e09","article-title":"Association of physical activity with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Nocon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032047","article-title":"Impact of healthy lifestyle factors on life expectancies in the US population","volume":"138","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1249\/00149619-200210000-00001","article-title":"Survival of the fittest: evidence for high-risk and cardioprotective fitness levels","volume":"1","author":"Franklin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2017.08.022","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness versus physical activity as predictors of all-cause mortality in men","volume":"196","author":"Davidson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.31284","article-title":"Association of estimated cardiorespiratory fitness in midlife with cardiometabolic outcomes and mortality","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200105000-00012","article-title":"Physical fitness and activity as separate heart disease risk factors: a meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2004.06.047","article-title":"Fitness versus physical activity patterns in predicting mortality in men","volume":"117","author":"Myers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I4570","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4570","article-title":"Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: systematic review and harmonized meta-analysis","volume":"366","author":"Ekelund","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101765","article-title":"Physical activity and mortality: what is the dose response and how big is the effect?","volume":"54","author":"Ekelund","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sport Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-013-0386-8","article-title":"Physical activity and the prevention of hypertension","volume":"15","author":"Diaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01965","article-title":"Physical activity and risk of hypertension: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"62","author":"Huai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22932","article-title":"Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness predict incident hypertension: a population-based long-term study","volume":"29","author":"Jae","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2015.11.046","article-title":"Fitness, body habitus, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korean men","volume":"117","author":"Jae","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.04.042","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and incidence of type 2 diabetes in United States veterans on statin therapy","volume":"130","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.03.002","article-title":"Exercise capacity and atrial fibrillation risk in veterans: a cohort study","volume":"91","author":"Faselis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.01.013","article-title":"Exercise capacity and risk of chronic kidney disease in US veterans: a cohort study","volume":"90","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000581","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness, inflammation, and the incident risk of pneumonia","volume":"41","author":"Jae","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000674","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness, inflammation, and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in middle-aged men: a cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.09.013","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events in US veterans: a cohort study","volume":"92","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2014.10.017","article-title":"Changes in mid-life fitness predicts heart failure risk at a later age independent of interval development of cardiac and noncardiac risk factors: the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study","volume":"169","author":"Pandey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003780","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and reclassification of risk for incidence of heart failure: the Veterans Exercise Testing Study","volume":"10","author":"Myers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Heart Fail"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1433","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index and heart failure incidence","volume":"21","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Heart Fail"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.31189\/2165-6193-7.2.37","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and the incidence of chronic disease","volume":"7","author":"Kokkkinos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Exer Physiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e653","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000461","article-title":"Importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical practice: a case for fitness as a clinical vital sign: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"134","author":"Ross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430170057028","article-title":"Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy men and women","volume":"262","author":"Blair","year":"1989","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000091080.57509.E9","article-title":"Exercise capacity and the risk of death in women: the St James Women Take Heart Project","volume":"108","author":"Gulati","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.681","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis","volume":"301","author":"Kodama","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.948349","article-title":"Exercise and physical activity: clinical outcomes and applications","volume":"122","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.02.029","article-title":"Objectively assessed cardiorespiratory fitness and all-cause mortality risk: an updated meta-analysis of 37 cohort studies involving 2,258,029 million participants","volume":"97","author":"Laukkanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.04.011","article-title":"Making the case to measure and improve cardiorespiratory fitness in routine clinical practice","volume":"97","author":"Lavie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.128367","article-title":"Physical activity and structured exercise for patients with stable ischemic heart disease","volume":"309","author":"Boden","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2017.03.001","article-title":"Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on all-cause and disease-specific mortality: advances since 2009","volume":"60","author":"Harber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"Pt 23","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5551","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.179432","article-title":"Exercise protects the cardiovascular system: effects beyond traditional risk factors","volume":"587","author":"Joyner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000134","article-title":"Cardioprotective exercise and\u00a0pharmacologic\u00a0interventions as complementary antidotes\u00a0to\u00a0cardiovascular disease","volume":"46","author":"Quindry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032708","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness, coronary artery calcium and cardiovascular disease events in a cohort of generally healthy middle-age men: results from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study","volume":"137","author":"Radford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.4628","article-title":"Association of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality with high levels of physical activity and concurrent coronary artery calcification","volume":"4","author":"DeFina","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011858","article-title":"Exercise capacity and mortality among men referred for exercise testing","volume":"346","author":"Myers","year":"2002","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.113.000531","article-title":"Prediction of 30-year risk for cardiovascular mortality by fitness and risk factor levels: the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study","volume":"7","author":"Wickramasinghe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cir Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.2.608","article-title":"Health-care costs and exercise capacity","volume":"126","author":"Weiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000147581.47326.58","article-title":"Effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on healthcare utilization","volume":"36","author":"Mitchell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.09.019","article-title":"Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and health care costs: the Veterans Exercise Testing Study","volume":"93","author":"Myers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.10.055","article-title":"Daily energy expenditure and its relation to health care costs in patients undergoing ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring","volume":"119","author":"George","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib55","first-page":"392","article-title":"Leisure-time physical activity and health-care utilization in older adults","volume":"14","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Aging Phys Act"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2021.02.030","article-title":"Exercise preconditioning as a cardioprotective phenotype","volume":"148","author":"Quindry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.61.7.1362","article-title":"Characteristics of longshoremen related fatal coronary heart disease and stroke","volume":"61","author":"Paffenbarger","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.01.053","article-title":"Physical activity status and acute coronary syndromes survival: the GREECS (Greek Study of Acute Coronary Syndromes) study","volume":"51","author":"Pitsavos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.4495","article-title":"Association of exercise preconditioning with immediate cardioprotection: a review","volume":"3","author":"Thijssen","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-201X.2004.01346.x","article-title":"Exercise and myocardial tolerance to ischaemia-reperfusion","volume":"182","author":"Lennon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjr.0000159319.62466.95","article-title":"Habitual low-intensity exercise does not protect against myocardial dysfunction after ischemia in rats","volume":"12","author":"Starnes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248417715005","article-title":"Exercise-induced cardioprotection and the therapeutic potential of RIPC","volume":"22","author":"Quindry","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib63","first-page":"27","article-title":"Mechanisms of exercise-induced cardioprotection","volume":"29","author":"Powers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiology (Bethesda)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.05.057","article-title":"Effect of cardiorespiratory fitness on short-term morbidity and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"112","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.2.517","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and short-term complications after bariatric surgery","volume":"130","author":"McCullough","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31827ee100","article-title":"The importance of cardiorespiratory fitness in the United States: the need for a national registry: a policy statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"127","author":"Kaminsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000062","article-title":"Merits of exercise therapy before and after\u00a0major surgery","volume":"27","author":"Hoogeboom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/HCR.0000000000000574","article-title":"Prehabilitation coming of age: implications for cardiac and pulmonary rehabilitation","volume":"41","author":"Myers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.503995","article-title":"Effect size estimates of lifestyle and dietary changes on all-cause mortality in coronary artery disease patients: a systematic review","volume":"112","author":"Iestra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.621417","article-title":"Healthy lifestyle factors in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease among men: benefits among users and nonusers of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications","volume":"114","author":"Chiuve","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9864","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61426-3","article-title":"Interactive effects of fitness and statin treatment on mortality risk in veterans with dyslipidaemia: a cohort study","volume":"381","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f5577","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5577","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of exercise and drug interventions on mortality outcomes: metaepidemiological study","volume":"347","author":"Naci","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2021.11.001","article-title":"Impact of cardiorespiratory fitness on outcomes in cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"70","author":"Tutor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.1548","article-title":"Association of leisure time physical activity with risk of 26 types of cancer in 1.44 million adults","volume":"176","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib76","series-title":"2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report","year":"2018"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002117","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine roundtable report on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and cancer prevention and control","volume":"51","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.0226","article-title":"Midlife cardiorespiratory fitness, incident cancer, and survival after cancer in men: the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study","volume":"1","author":"Lakoski","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.02.008","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and lung cancer risk: a prospective population-based cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Pletnikoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1043","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of site-specific cancers: a long-term prospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Robsahm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32085","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and incident lung and colorectal cancer in men and women: results from the Henry Ford Exercise Testing (FIT) cohort","volume":"125","author":"Marshall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu250","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness as predictor of cancer mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Schmid","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-1-201107050-00004","article-title":"Cardiovascular hospitalizations and mortality among recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"155","author":"Chow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djk064","article-title":"Long-term risk of cardiovascular disease in 10-year survivors of breast cancer","volume":"99","author":"Hooning","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Natl Cancer Inst"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.06.037","article-title":"Early breast cancer therapy and cardiovascular injury","volume":"50","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e997","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000679","article-title":"Cardio-oncology rehabilitation to manage cardiovascular outcomes in cancer patients and survivors: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"139","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib87","first-page":"195","article-title":"Research quality and impact of cardiac rehabilitation in cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Fakhraei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol CardioOnc"},{"issue":"9S2","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2017.07.074","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of exercise systematic reviews in the cancer literature (2005-2017)","volume":"9","author":"Stout","year":"2017","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30234-4","article-title":"COVID-19 and the impact of social determinants of health","volume":"8","author":"Abrams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib90","first-page":"133","article-title":"Compounders of the COVID crisis: the \u201cperfect storm.\u201d","volume":"35","author":"Franklin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2021-104080","article-title":"Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: a study in 48,440 adult patients","volume":"55","author":"Sallis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.10.003","article-title":"Inverse relationship of maximal exercise capacity to hospitalization secondary to coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"96","author":"Brawner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-021-01198-5","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and lifestyle on severe COVID-19 risk in 279,455 adults: a case control study","volume":"18","author":"Ekblom-Bak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.876028","article-title":"Obesity and its impact on adverse in-hospital outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"13","author":"Keller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2020.1767589","article-title":"COVID-19 and obesity: links and risks","volume":"15","author":"Lavie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.05.006","article-title":"Obesity and outcomes in COVID-19: when an epidemic and pandemic collide","volume":"95","author":"Sanchis-Gomar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2021.1979392","article-title":"Does abdominal obesity influence immunological response to SARS-CoV-2 infection?","volume":"16","author":"Sanchis-Gomar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.06.046","article-title":"Association of obesity with more critical illness in COVID-19","volume":"95","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.01.003","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates the impact of risk factors associated with COVID-19 hospitalization","volume":"96","author":"Kerrigan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.01.004","article-title":"In reply \u2013 cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates the impact of risk factors associated with COVID-19 hospitalization","volume":"96","author":"Lavie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","author":"Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"9798","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60749-6","article-title":"Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study","volume":"378","author":"Wen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.04.058","article-title":"Leisure-time running reduces all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risk","volume":"64","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.07.130","article-title":"Comparison of cardioprotective benefits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise","volume":"97","author":"Swain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200201000-00023","article-title":"V.O2 reserve and the minimal intensity for improving cardiorespiratory fitness","volume":"34","author":"Swain","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.4.341","article-title":"Effect of exercise intensity on glucose and insulin metabolism in obese individuals and obese NIDDM patients","volume":"19","author":"Kang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.07.014","article-title":"Quantitating the dose of physical activity in secondary prevention: Relation of exercise intensity to survival","volume":"93","author":"Franklin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.24516","article-title":"Steps per day and all-cause mortality in middle-aged adults in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study","volume":"4","author":"Paluch","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2016.09.031","article-title":"Personalized activity intelligence (PAI) for prevention of cardiovascular disease and promotion of physical activity","volume":"130","author":"Nes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318213fefb","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise","volume":"43","author":"Garber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.10.011","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and health outcomes: a call to standardize\u00a0fitness categories","volume":"93","author":"Kokkinos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180616b27","article-title":"Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association","volume":"39","author":"Haskell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib114","series-title":"ACSM\u2019s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription","author":"American College of Sports Medicine","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaa094","article-title":"Maximizing the cardioprotective benefits of exercise with age-, sex-, and fitness-adjusted target intensities for training","author":"Franklin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"issue":"9838","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60954-4","article-title":"Stressing harms of physical inactivity to promote exercise","volume":"380","author":"Wen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827616637066","article-title":"Blue zones: Lessons learned from the world's longest lived","volume":"10","author":"Beuttner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.16244","article-title":"Making physical activity counseling a priority in clinical practice: the time for action is now","volume":"314","author":"Berra","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2020.11.013","article-title":"Fit is it in COVID-19, future pandemics, and overall healthy living","volume":"96","author":"Lavie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e705","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000749","article-title":"Exercise-related acute\u00a0cardiovascular events and potential deleterious adaptations following long-term exercise training: placing the risks into perspective-an update: a scientific statement from the\u00a0American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Franklin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Mayo Clinic Proceedings"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025619622005468?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025619622005468?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T01:39:44Z","timestamp":1758418784000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0025619622005468"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025619622005468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-6196"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-6196","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness as Modulators of Health Outcomes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mayocp.2022.09.011","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}