{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T15:24:55Z","timestamp":1778081095596,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mathematical Biosciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,19]],"date-time":"2014-08-19T08:31:50Z","timestamp":1408437110000},"page":"58-78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A mathematical modelling framework for linked within-host and between-host dynamics for infections with free-living pathogens in the environment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"256","author":[{"given":"Winston","family":"Garira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dephney","family":"Mathebula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rendani","family":"Netshikweta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0005","series-title":"Handbook of Systems and Complexity in Health Sturmberg","article-title":"The dynamical behaviours of diseases in Africa","author":"Garira","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0010","article-title":"Mathematical modelling of the impact of vaccination on malaria epidemiology","volume":"1","author":"Chiyaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theor. Diff. Equat. Anal."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2007.05.016","article-title":"A mathematical analysis of the effects of control strategies on the transmission dynamics of Malaria","volume":"195","author":"Chiyaka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Comput."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcm.2007.01.001","article-title":"Modelling circumcision and condom use as HIV\/AIDS preventive control strategies","volume":"46","author":"Mukandavire","year":"2007","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Model."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2007.07.002","article-title":"Effects of public health educational campaigns and the role of sex workers on the spread of HIV\/AIDS among heterosexuals","volume":"72","author":"Mukandavire","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theor. Popul. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-006-0063-5","article-title":"Sex-structured HIV\/AIDS model to analyse the effects of condom use with application to Zimbabwe","volume":"54","author":"Mukandavire","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Math. Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-007-9204-2","article-title":"Age and sex structured model for assessing the demographic impact of mother-to-child transmission of HIV\/AIDS","volume":"69","author":"Mukandavire","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-008-9295-4","article-title":"Tuberculosis transmission model with chemoprophylaxis and treatment","volume":"70","author":"Bhunu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0045","series-title":"Advances in Disease Epidemiology","first-page":"195","article-title":"Modelling the transmission of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB","author":"Bhunu","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0050","series-title":"Modeling Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals","author":"Keeling","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0055","series-title":"Mathematical Models in Population Biology and Epidemiology","author":"Brauer","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0060","volume":"vol. 146","author":"Diekmann","year":"2000"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2006.3.661","article-title":"Modelling the human immune response mechanisms to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the lungs","volume":"3","author":"Magombedze","year":"2006","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng."},{"issue":"03","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218339008002551","article-title":"In-vivo mathematical study of co-infection dynamics of HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"16","author":"Magombedze","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1080\/17486700701865661","article-title":"Modelling immune response and drug therapy in human malaria infection","volume":"9","author":"Chiyaka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Shiri, W. Garira, S.D. Musekwa, A two-strain HIV-1 mathematical model to assess the effects of chemotherapy on, 2005","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2005.2.811"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2008.5.485","article-title":"Modelling the immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and the effect of multidrug therapy: the role of fusion inhibitors in HAART","volume":"5","author":"Magombedze","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Math. Biosci. Eng."},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0090","first-page":"1","article-title":"Optimal control of combined therapy in a single strain HIV-1 model","volume":"2005","author":"Garira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electron. J. Diff. Eq."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/17486701003614336","article-title":"Modelling within host parasite dynamics of schistosomiasis","volume":"11","author":"Chiyaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0100","series-title":"Virus Dynamics: Mathematical Principles of Immunology and Virology: Mathematical Principles of Immunology and Virology","author":"Nowak","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(05)80021-0","article-title":"Immunoepidemiology of lymphatic filariasis: the relationship between infection and disease","volume":"12","author":"Bundy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S105","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000075284","article-title":"Immunoepidemiology of human geohelminthiasis: ecological and immunological determinants of worm burden","volume":"104","author":"Bundy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1992.tb00029.x","article-title":"A theoretical framework for the immunoepidemiology of helminth infection","volume":"14","author":"Woolhouse","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1994.tb00361.x","article-title":"A theoretical framework for the immunoepidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum malaria","volume":"16","author":"Gupta","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(00)01767-0","article-title":"Immunoepidemiology \u2013 bridging the gap between immunology and epidemiology","volume":"17","author":"Hellriegel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Parasit."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01430-1","article-title":"The immuno-epidemiology of nematode parasites of farmed animals: a mathematical approach","volume":"15","author":"Roberts","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasit. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2002.3076","article-title":"Modeling host-parasite co-evolution: a nested approach based on mechanistic models","volume":"218","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2003.11.001","article-title":"A nested-epidemic model for the spread of hepatitis C among injecting drug users","volume":"188","author":"Esposito","year":"2004","journal-title":"Math. Biosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2007.08.005","article-title":"Evaluating the importance of within-and between-host selection pressures on the evolution of chronic pathogens","volume":"72","author":"Coombs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theor. Popul. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1996.0094","article-title":"Incorporating immunological ideas in epidemiological models","volume":"180","author":"Dushoff","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"issue":"5656","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090727","article-title":"Unifying the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of pathogens","volume":"303","author":"Grenfell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.05.009","article-title":"Linking within- and between-host dynamics in the evolutionary epidemiology of infectious diseases","volume":"23","author":"Mideo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0165","unstructured":"F.A. Milner, L.M. Sega, Integrating immunological and epidemiological models, in: 18th World IMACS\/MODSIM Congress, Cairns, Australia, 13\u201317 July 2009, 685\u2013690. <http:\/\/mssanz.org.au\/modsim09>."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0170","unstructured":"M. Martcheva, An Immuno-epidemiological Model of Paratuberculosis, in: AIP Conference Proceedings, International conference; 3rd, Application of Mathematics in Technical and Natural Science, vol. 1404(1), 2011, pp. 176\u2013183."},{"issue":"49","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0175","first-page":"1","article-title":"A unified framework of immunological and epidemiological dynamics for the spread of viral infections in a simple network-based population","volume":"4","author":"Vickers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theor. Biol. Med. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-011-0291-0","article-title":"A model for coupling within-host and between-host dynamics in an infectious disease","volume":"68","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nonlinear Dyn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.57.2163","article-title":"Spatial epidemic network models with viral dynamics","volume":"57","author":"Tuckwell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1159\/000332949","article-title":"Atopy is inversely related to schistosome infection intensity: a comparative study in Zimbabwean Villages with distinct levels of Schistosoma haematobium infection","volume":"158","author":"Rujeni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-4-52","article-title":"Host factors influencing susceptibility to HIV infection and AIDS progression","volume":"4","author":"Lama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcm.2006.12.010","article-title":"Transmission model of endemic human malaria in a partially immune population","volume":"46","author":"Chiyaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Model."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102000000300003","article-title":"Malaria transmission model for different levels of acquired immunity and temperature-dependent parameters (vector)","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Revista de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2006.12.084","article-title":"A mathematical model for the dynamics of malaria in a human host and mosquito vector with temporary immunity","volume":"189","author":"Tumwiine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Comput."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4383","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004383","article-title":"Loss of population levels of immunity to malaria as a result of exposure-reducing interventions: consequences for interpretation of disease trends","volume":"4","author":"Ghani","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"02","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218339006001787","article-title":"An epidemic model structured by host immunity","volume":"14","author":"Martcheva","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2005.08.003","article-title":"Persistence of viral infections on the population level explained by an immuno-epidemiological model","volume":"206","author":"Kostova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Math. Biosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2012.09.004","article-title":"A mathematical model for coupling within-host and between-host dynamics in an environmentally-driven infectious disease","volume":"241","author":"Feng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Math. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0235","series-title":"Preventing Disease Through Healthy Environments: Towards an Estimate of the Environmental Burden of Disease","author":"Pruss-Ustum","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000239647.26389.80","article-title":"How much disease burden can be prevented by environmental interventions?","volume":"18","author":"Pruss-Ustum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199909000-00027","article-title":"How much global ill health is attributable to environmental factors?","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0250","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Environmental Burden of Disease Series. Geneva, 2007. <http:\/\/www.who.int\/quantifyingehimpacts\/national>."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268811000604","article-title":"Effectiveness of environmental decontamination as an infection control measure","volume":"140","author":"Bani-Yaghoub","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2296(02)38027-3","article-title":"An epidemiological framework for disease management","volume":"38","author":"Gilligan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Bot. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0265","unstructured":"World Health Organization: World Health Report, Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life, Geneva, 2002. <http:\/\/www.who.int\/whr\/2002>"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2007.10.029","article-title":"Free-living pathogens: life-history constraints and strain competition","volume":"250","author":"Caraco","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s101440050022","article-title":"A general host-pathogen model with free-living infective stages and differing rates of uptake of the infective stages by infected and susceptible hosts","volume":"41","author":"Boots","year":"1999","journal-title":"Res. Popul. Ecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1438","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001438","article-title":"Predicting the impact of long-term temperature changes on the epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis: a mechanistic model","volume":"3","author":"Mangal","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"86","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20121018","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2012.1018","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis of infectious disease models: methods, advances and their application","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"issue":"03","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218339009002910","article-title":"Mathematical analysis of the transmission dynamics of schistosomiasis in the human\u2013snail hosts","volume":"17","author":"Chiyaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Syst."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.754","article-title":"Estimating and modeling the dynamics of the intensity of infection with Schistosoma japonicum in villagers of Leyte, Philippines. Part II: intensity-specific transmission of S. japonicum. The schistosomiasis transmission and ecology project","volume":"72","author":"Riley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinmicnews.2005.10.001","article-title":"Schistosomiasis: overview of the history, biology, clinicopathology, and laboratory diagnosis","volume":"27","author":"Coon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Newsl."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00018-9","article-title":"A quantitative framework for a multi-group model of Schistosomiasis japonicum transmission dynamics and control in Sichuan","volume":"82","author":"Liang","year":"2002","journal-title":"China. Acta Trop."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aml.2004.02.002","article-title":"Estimation of parameters governing the transmission dynamics of schistosomes","volume":"17","author":"Feng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Lett."},{"issue":"9541","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69440-3","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis","volume":"368","author":"Gryseels","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2010.04.010","article-title":"Development and hatching mechanism of Fasciola eggs, light and scanning electron microscopic studies","volume":"17","author":"Hussein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110907","article-title":"Disease transmission models for public health decision making: toward an approach for designing intervention strategies for Schistosomiasis japonica","volume":"110","author":"Spear","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0330","series-title":"Human Schistosomiasis","author":"Jordan","year":"1993"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2008.5.505","article-title":"A deterministic model of schistosomiasis with spatial structure","volume":"5","author":"Milner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1080\/17513758.2012.693206","article-title":"Reproduction numbers for infections with free-living pathogens growing in the environment","volume":"6","author":"Bani-Yaghoub","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Dyn."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050042","article-title":"Revisiting the basic reproductive number for malaria and its implications for malaria control","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5564(02)00108-6","article-title":"Reproduction numbers and sub-threshold endemic equilibria for compartmental models of disease transmission","volume":"180","author":"Van den Driessche","year":"2002","journal-title":"Math. Biosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00178324","article-title":"On the definition and the computation of the basic reproduction ratio R0 in models for infectious diseases in heterogeneous populations","volume":"28","author":"Diekmann","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Math. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5564(00)00025-0","article-title":"An intuitive formulation for the reproductive number for the spread of diseases in heterogeneous populations","volume":"167","author":"Hyman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Math. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0365","series-title":"Mathematical Approaches for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases Part 1: An Introduction to Models, Methods and Theory","first-page":"229","article-title":"On the computation of R0 and its role in global stability","volume":"vol. 125","author":"Castillo-Chavez","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0370","first-page":"361","article-title":"Dynamical models of tuberculosis and their applications","volume":"1","author":"Castillo-Chavez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Math. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0375","series-title":"Applications Centre Manifold Theory","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2004.1.361","author":"Carr","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227178","DOI":"10.1007\/s002850050099","article-title":"Backwards bifurcations and catastrophe in simple models of fatal diseases","volume":"36","author":"Dushoff","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Math. Biol."}],"container-title":["Mathematical Biosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025556414001461?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025556414001461?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,23]],"date-time":"2020-08-23T13:08:31Z","timestamp":1598188111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0025556414001461"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["S0025556414001461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-5564"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-5564","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A mathematical modelling framework for linked within-host and between-host dynamics for infections with free-living pathogens in the environment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Mathematical Biosciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}