{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:06:15Z","timestamp":1793315175780,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":314,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mathematical Biosciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,6]],"date-time":"2020-08-06T11:46:23Z","timestamp":1596714383000},"page":"108438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Modeling the viral dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"328","author":[{"given":"Sunpeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4131-3164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyu","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley N.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1464-6078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libin","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.009","article-title":"The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health - The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China","volume":"91","author":"Hui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25678","article-title":"Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle","volume":"92","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"issue":"10223","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of Coronavirus disease 2019 in China","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A Novel Coronavirus from patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"10223","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9","article-title":"A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster","volume":"395","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus\u2013infected Pneumonia","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191","article-title":"First case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States","volume":"382","author":"Holshue","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b10","unstructured":"Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/technical-guidance\/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-020-00202-8","volume":"19","author":"Kamel\u00a0Boulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Geogr."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2001272","article-title":"Importation and human-to-human transmission of a Novel Coronavirus in Vietnam","volume":"382","author":"Phan","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2001468","article-title":"Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany","volume":"382","author":"Rothe","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x","article-title":"Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019","author":"W\u00f6lfel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10225","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30260-9","article-title":"Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: a modelling study","volume":"395","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b16","article-title":"COVID-19: combining antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatments","author":"Justin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1719902","article-title":"Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting wuhan","volume":"9","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9","article-title":"Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.81","article-title":"SARS And MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses","volume":"14","author":"de\u00a0Wit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"10224","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13196","article-title":"MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia","volume":"23","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"issue":"7798","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6965","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7461","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12328","article-title":"Molecular basis of binding between novel human coronavirus MERS-CoV and its receptor CD26","volume":"500","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2012-0339OC","article-title":"Innate immune response of human alveolar type II cells infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus","volume":"48","author":"Qian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"7440","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12005","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC","volume":"495","author":"Raj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16157","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1311542110","article-title":"Reverse genetics with a full-length infectious cDNA of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"110","author":"Scobey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b28","article-title":"Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from wuhan, China","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv380","article-title":"Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus efficiently infects human primary T lymphocytes and activates the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways","volume":"213","author":"Chu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050828","article-title":"Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS","volume":"202","author":"Gu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.11.006","article-title":"T-cell immunity of SARS-CoV: Implications for vaccine development against MERS-CoV","volume":"137","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antiviral. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2004.031237","article-title":"Detection and monitoring of SARS coronavirus in the plasma and peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1732","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of coronavirus infections: implications for SARS","volume":"5","author":"Perlman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0498-4","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infects T lymphocytes through its spike protein-mediated membrane fusion","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-0530-3","article-title":"COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30161-2","article-title":"Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): challenges and recommendations","author":"Phua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0819-2","article-title":"Breadth of concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: a case report of non-severe COVID-19","author":"Thevarajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0308-3","article-title":"COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4783","article-title":"Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2783","article-title":"Positive RT-PCR test results in patients recovered from COVID-19","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b43","series-title":"Transmission dynamics of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)","author":"Liu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b44","series-title":"Modelling the epidemic trend of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China","author":"Shen","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30144-4","article-title":"Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19: a mathematical modelling study","author":"Kucharski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25750","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak and effectiveness of government interventions: A data-driven analysis","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b47","article-title":"Estimating clinical severity of COVID-19 from the transmission dynamics in wuhan, China","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.031","article-title":"Transmission potential and severity of COVID-19 in South Korea","author":"Shim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00640-3","article-title":"A mathematical model for simulating the phase-based transmissibility of a novel coronavirus","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e86","article-title":"Viral load kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in first two patients in Korea","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30113-4","article-title":"Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2324-7","article-title":"Respiratory disease in rhesus macaques inoculated with SARS-CoV-2","author":"Munster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b53","series-title":"SARS-CoV-2 is sensitive to type I interferon pretreatment","author":"Lokugamage","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30314-5","article-title":"Investigation of a COVID-19 outbreak in Germany resulting from a single travel-associated primary case: a case series","author":"B\u00f6hmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-11-96","article-title":"Modeling the within-host dynamics of HIV infection","volume":"11","author":"Perelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-004-4242-5","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a functional receptor for SARS coronavirus","volume":"61","author":"Kuhn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa235","article-title":"SARS-CoV2: should inhibitors of the renin\u2013angiotensin system be withdrawn in patients with COVID-19?","author":"Kuster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00122","article-title":"Evidence of the COVID-19 virus targeting the CNS: Tissue distribution, host-virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms","author":"Baig","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1001","article-title":"Pegylated interferon-alpha protects type 1 pneumocytes against SARS coronavirus infection in macaques","volume":"10","author":"Haagmans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med."},{"issue":"10058","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00578-X","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"388","author":"Sweeney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1586\/1744666X.5.1.63","article-title":"Role of the pulmonary epithelium and inflammatory signals in acute lung injury","volume":"5","author":"Manicone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00607-2020","article-title":"Pathogenesis of COVID-19 from a cell biology perspective","volume":"55","author":"Mason","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2000180","article-title":"Estimating the asymptomatic proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship, Yokohama, Japan, 2020","volume":"25","author":"Mizumoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b65","article-title":"A systematic review of asymptomatic infections with COVID-19","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI28941","article-title":"Human CD4+ CD25hi Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are derived by rapid turnover of memory populations in vivo","volume":"116","author":"Vukmanovic-Stejic","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02197-07","article-title":"Dynamics of T- and B-Lymphocyte Turnover in a natural host of simian immunodeficiency virus","volume":"82","author":"Kaur","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002588","article-title":"Modeling within-host dynamics of influenza virus infection including immune responses","volume":"8","author":"Pawelek","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004665","article-title":"Modeling the slow CD4+ T cell decline in HIV-infected individuals","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b70","series-title":"Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease","author":"Janeway\u00a0Jr.","year":"2001"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2006.03.010","article-title":"The role of CD8 T cells in innate immunity and in antigen non-specific protection","volume":"18","author":"Berg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-05-078154","article-title":"Paul WE CD4 T cells: fates, functions, and faults","volume":"112","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI31720","article-title":"APC-Derived cytokines and T cell polarization in autoimmune inflammation","volume":"117","author":"Gutcher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200308-1107OC","article-title":"The number of alveoli in the human lung","volume":"169","author":"Ochs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b75","unstructured":"KidsHealth, Your Lungs & Respiratory System. Available from: https:\/\/kidshealth.org\/en\/kids\/lungs.html."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(88)90051-8","article-title":"The alveolar type II epithelial cell: a multifunctional pneumocyte","volume":"93","author":"Castranova","year":"1988","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8847","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1704011114","article-title":"Zika plasma viral dynamics in nonhuman primates provides insights into early infection and antiviral strategies","volume":"114","author":"Best","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b78","series-title":"Statistical Rethinking: A Bayesian Course with Examples in R and Stan","author":"McElreath","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b79","series-title":"Business Data Science: Combining Machine Learning and Economics To Optimize, Automate, and Accelerate Business Decisions","author":"Taddy","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b80","article-title":"Predictors of mortality for patients with COVID-19 pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2: A prospective cohort study","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.03.005","article-title":"COVID- 19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses","volume":"24","author":"Shereen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b82","article-title":"Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks","author":"Leung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b83","series-title":"Clinical characteristics on 25 discharged patients with COVID-19 virus returning","author":"Yuan","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b84","series-title":"A special case of COVID-19 with long duration of viral shedding for 49 days","author":"Tan","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b85","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 51 patients discharged from hospital with COVID-19 in chongqing, China","author":"lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3218","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.12.3218","article-title":"ABT-378, a highly potent inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus protease","volume":"42","author":"Sham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob .Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040326","article-title":"Mechanism of inhibition of ebola virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase by remdesivir","volume":"11","author":"Tchesnokov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5871","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809524106","article-title":"Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites","volume":"106","author":"Belouzard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10582","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00671-11","article-title":"Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike antibodies trigger infection of human immune cells via a pH- and cysteine protease-independent Fc\u03b3R pathway","volume":"85","author":"Jaume","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1669","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 productively infects human gut enterocytes","author":"Lamers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3625","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI126363","article-title":"IFN-I Response timing relative to virus replication determines MERS coronavirus infection outcomes","volume":"130","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2012.04.004","article-title":"SARS Coronavirus pathogenesis: host innate immune responses and viral antagonism of interferon","volume":"2","author":"Totura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01782-06","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus open reading frame (ORF) 3b, ORF 6, and nucleocapsid proteins function as interferon antagonists","volume":"81","author":"Kopecky-Bromberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9812","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01012-07","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus ORF6 antagonizes STAT1 function by sequestering nuclear import factors on the rough endoplasmic reticulum\/Golgi membrane","volume":"81","author":"Frieman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438_b96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030623","article-title":"Potential rapid diagnostics, vaccine and therapeutics for 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Pang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."}],"container-title":["Mathematical Biosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002555642030105X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002555642030105X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T01:22:31Z","timestamp":1758417751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S002555642030105X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["S002555642030105X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-5564"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-5564","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Modeling the viral dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Mathematical Biosciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108438","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108438"}}