{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T18:17:07Z","timestamp":1769537827871,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Mathematical Biosciences"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T15:20:24Z","timestamp":1767280824000},"page":"109610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Modulation of blood pressure by estrogen: A modeling analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"393","author":[{"given":"Anita T.","family":"Layton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01330-1","article-title":"Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants","volume":"398","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1113\/EP085146","article-title":"Charkoudian N. Sex differences and blood pressure regulation in humans","volume":"101","author":"Joyner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0003","unstructured":"Ss V., A A., Hj A., Ej B., Ms B., Cw C., et al. Heart Disease and Stroke statistics-2021 update: a report from the American heart association. - abstract - Europe PMC. [cited 27 Mar 2025]. Available: https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/med\/33501848."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.105742","article-title":"Menopause and hypertension","volume":"51","author":"Coylewright","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjh.0000194118.35098.43","article-title":"Menopause-related blood pressure increase and its relationship to age and body mass index: the SIMONA epidemiological study","volume":"23","author":"Zanchetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1557","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00051.2006","article-title":"Estrogen and salt sensitivity in the female mRen(2).Lewis rat","volume":"291","author":"Chappell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(99)00240-0","article-title":"Estrogen attenuates the adventitial contribution to neointima formation in injured rat carotid arteries","volume":"44","author":"Oparil","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-020-00720-2","article-title":"Sex differences in cardiovascular actions of the renin\u2013angiotensin system","volume":"30","author":"Medina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Aut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199917040-00010","article-title":"Estrogen improves abnormal norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction in postmenopausal women","volume":"17","author":"Sung","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-0045","article-title":"Estrogen modulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase","volume":"23","author":"Chambliss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.37.2.640","article-title":"Estradiol metabolites inhibit endothelin synthesis by an estrogen receptor-independent mechanism","volume":"37","author":"Dubey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2023.109299","article-title":"Estrogen-induced signalling and the renal contribution to salt and water homeostasis","volume":"199","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Steroids."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R647","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00039.2013","article-title":"A model-based approach to investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms of hypertension and response to antihypertensive therapies: extending the Guyton model","volume":"306","author":"Hallow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1113","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00035.2019","article-title":"Understanding sex differences in long-term blood pressure regulation: insights from experimental studies and computational modeling","volume":"316","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00601.2003","article-title":"Invited review: aging and the cardiovascular system","volume":"95","author":"Ferrari","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.34.030172.000305","article-title":"Circulation: overall regulation","volume":"34","author":"Guyton","year":"1972","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-005-5976-4","article-title":"Long-term mathematical model involving renal sympathetic nerve activity, arterial pressure, and sodium excretion","volume":"33","author":"Karaaslan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0018","author":"Beard"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fsysb.2024.1327357","article-title":"Predicting chronic responses to calcium channel blockade with a virtual population of African Americans with hypertensive chronic kidney disease","volume":"4","author":"Clemmer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10441-010-9098-5","article-title":"A computational model of the circulating renin-angiotensin system and blood pressure regulation","volume":"58","author":"Guillaud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Biotheor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.12178","article-title":"A quantitative systems physiology model of renal function and blood pressure regulation: model description","volume":"6","author":"Hallow","year":"2017","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacomet. Syst. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F819","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00497.2016","article-title":"Primary proximal tubule hyperreabsorption and impaired tubular transport counterregulation determine glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetes: a modeling analysis","volume":"312","author":"Hallow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R451","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00353.2016","article-title":"Mechanisms of blood pressure salt sensitivity: new insights from mathematical modeling","volume":"312","author":"Clemmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.11.002","article-title":"Sex-specific long-term blood pressure regulation: modeling and analysis","volume":"104","author":"Leete","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F888","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00376.2019","article-title":"Sex-specific computational models for blood pressure regulation in the rat","volume":"318","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compchemeng.2018.02.009","article-title":"Modeling sex differences in the Renin Angiotensin system and the efficacy of antihypertensive therapies","volume":"112","author":"Leete","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2022.111074","article-title":"Modelling female physiology from head to toe: impact of sex hormones, menstrual cycle, and pregnancy","author":"Abo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2024.109338","article-title":"We are all different: modeling key individual differences in physiological systems","volume":"378","author":"Layton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Math. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00559-8","article-title":"Global epidemiology, health burden and effective interventions for elevated blood pressure and hypertension","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40885-023-00234-9","article-title":"The 2022 focused update of the 2018 Korean Hypertension Society Guidelines for the management of hypertension","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F406","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00222.2024","article-title":"Modulation of blood pressure by dietary potassium and sodium: sex differences and modeling analysis","volume":"328","author":"Stadt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010607","article-title":"A mathematical model of potassium homeostasis: effect of feedforward and feedback controls","volume":"18","author":"Stadt","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0033","article-title":"A computational model of epithelial solute and water transport along a Human nephron","author":"Layton","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00240.2020","article-title":"Sex-differences in solute transport along the nephrons: effects of Na+ transport inhibition","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102341","article-title":"Impact of sex and pathophysiology on optimal drug choice in hypertensive rats: quantitative insights for precision medicine","volume":"24","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B174","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/43.6.B174","article-title":"Calorie and nutrient intakes of elderly and young subjects measured under identical conditions","volume":"43","author":"Wurtman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-022-02718-3","article-title":"Potassium homeostasis: sensors, mediators, and targets","volume":"474","author":"McDonough","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pflug. Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R401","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00283.2023","article-title":"A modeling analysis of whole body potassium regulation on a high-potassium diet: proximal tubule and tubuloglomerular feedback effects","volume":"326","author":"Stadt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0039","article-title":"A mathematical model of whole-body potassium regulation: global parameter sensitivity analysis","author":"Stadt","year":"2024","journal-title":"SIAM. J. Appl. Math."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2022.111150","article-title":"Hormonal regulation of ovarian follicle growth in humans: model-based exploration of cycle variability and parameter sensitivities","volume":"547","author":"Fischer-Holzhausen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2014.08.011","article-title":"Modeling endocrine regulation of the menstrual cycle using delay differential equations","volume":"257","author":"Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Math. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00f6rg D.J., Fuertinger D.H., Cherif A., Bushinsky D.A., Mermelstein A., Raimann J.G., et al. Modeling osteoporosis to design and optimize pharmacological therapies comprising multiple drug types. Napoli N, Zaidi M, Pivonka P, Eds.. Elife. 2022;11: e76228. doi:10.7554\/eLife.76228.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.76228"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3847","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1056","article-title":"Estradiol rates of change in relation to the final menstrual period in a population-based cohort of women","volume":"93","author":"Sowers","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.08.009","article-title":"The Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in postmenopausal women: the promise of hormone therapy","volume":"96","author":"Gersh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199204000-00007","article-title":"Regulation of angiotensinogen gene expression by estrogen","volume":"10","author":"Gordon","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.1.39","article-title":"Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on the renin-angiotensin system in postmenopausal women","volume":"95","author":"Schunkert","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(01)00479-5","article-title":"Renin angiotensin system and gender differences in the cardiovascular system","volume":"53","author":"Fischer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0048","series-title":"Clinical Trial Simulations: Applications and Trends","first-page":"457","article-title":"Using a systems biology approach to explore hypotheses underlying clinical diversity of the Renin angiotensin system and the response to antihypertensive therapies","author":"Lo","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1681.1999.02995.x","article-title":"Gender differences in sympathetic nervous system regulation","volume":"26","author":"Hinojosa-Laborde","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.33.1.323","article-title":"Estrogen regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme mRNA","volume":"33","author":"Gallagher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1908","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1997.273.6.R1908","article-title":"Estrogen protects transgenic hypertensive rats by shifting the vasoconstrictor-vasodilator balance of RAS","volume":"273","author":"Brosnihan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0052","article-title":"Effects of chronic hormone replacement on the\u2026","author":"Brosnihan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92114-1","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy and serum angiotensin-converting-enzyme activity in postmenopausal women","volume":"346","author":"Proudler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/13813455.2019.1676262","article-title":"Chronic oestrogen deficiency induced by ovariectomy may cause lung fibrosis through activation of the renin-angiotensin system in rats","volume":"128","author":"Hussien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R159","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00256.2011","article-title":"The arterial depressor response to chronic low-dose angiotensin II infusion in female rats is estrogen dependent","volume":"302","author":"Sampson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14801","article-title":"Blood pressure difference between pre and post-menopausal women and age-matched men: a cross-sectional study at a tertiary center","volume":"26","author":"Alhawari","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0057","first-page":"1","article-title":"Renal function curve\u2013a key to understanding the pathogenesis of hypertension","volume":"43","author":"Guyton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hypertens. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0058","first-page":"3175","article-title":"SAPHIR: a physiome core model of body fluid homeostasis and blood pressure regulation","volume":"366","author":"Thomas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02363132","article-title":"A model of overall regulation of body fluids","volume":"7","author":"Ikeda","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5975","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.228619","article-title":"A new conceptual paradigm for the haemodynamics of salt-sensitive hypertension: a mathematical modelling approach","volume":"590","author":"Averina","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2011.00012","article-title":"HumMod: a modeling environment for the simulation of integrative Human physiology","volume":"2","author":"Hester","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2003000900002","article-title":"Effects of estrogen on the vascular system","volume":"36","author":"Tostes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3623(02)00129-5","article-title":"Estrogen and vascular function","volume":"38","author":"White","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.26.2.301","article-title":"Pulse pressure and resistance artery structure in the elderly","volume":"26","author":"James","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13588","article-title":"Aging impairs renal autoregulation in mice","volume":"75","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.33.5.1190","article-title":"Estradiol with or without progesterone and ambulatory blood pressure in postmenopausal women","volume":"33","author":"Seely","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-62-3-536","article-title":"Biological effects of estradiol-17 beta in postmenopausal women: oral versus percutaneous administration","volume":"62","author":"De Lignieres","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjhyper.2005.10.006","article-title":"Different effects of transdermal and oral hormone replacement therapy on the renin-angiotensin system, plasma bradykinin level, and blood pressure of normotensive postmenopausal women","volume":"19","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejheart.2007.02.001","article-title":"Sex differences in the effectiveness of angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with congestive heart failure\u2014A population study","volume":"9","author":"Hudson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart. Fail."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.01.064","article-title":"The aging cardiovascular system: understanding it at the cellular and clinical levels","volume":"69","author":"Paneni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2009.00927.x","article-title":"Grubeck-Loebenstein B. The aging of the immune system","volume":"22","author":"Weiskopf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transpl. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu P., Yuan R., Yang X., Qi Z. Adipose tissue, aging, and metabolism. Current opinion in endocrine and metabolic research. 2019;5: 11\u201320. doi:10.1016\/j.coemr.2019.02.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coemr.2019.02.003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V94699","article-title":"The aging kidney: insights from experimental studies","volume":"9","author":"Baylis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddmod.2020.11.005","article-title":"Women\u2019s reproductive system as balanced estradiol and progesterone actions\u2014A revolutionary, paradigm-shifting concept in women\u2019s health","volume":"32","author":"Prior","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today Dis. Models."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01091","article-title":"The role of placental hormones in mediating maternal adaptations to support pregnancy and lactation","volume":"9","author":"Napso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/105918","article-title":"A comprehensive review of hypertension in pregnancy","volume":"2012","author":"Mustafa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3317\/jraas.2006.015","article-title":"Influence of gender and genetic variability on plasma angiotensin peptides","volume":"7","author":"Reyes-Engel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Renin. Angiotensin. Aldosterone Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1177\/1470320314523659","article-title":"Renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system gender differences in an Afro-Caribbean population","volume":"16","author":"Cohall","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Renin. Angiotensin. Aldosterone Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610_bib0080","article-title":"A lower ratio of AT1\/AT2 receptors of angiotensin II is found in female than in male spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"62","author":"Silva-Antonialli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."}],"container-title":["Mathematical Biosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025556425002366?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025556425002366?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T05:05:29Z","timestamp":1769490329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0025556425002366"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["S0025556425002366"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-5564"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-5564","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Modulation of blood pressure by estrogen: A modeling analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Mathematical Biosciences","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mbs.2025.109610","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109610"}}