{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:52:00Z","timestamp":1791240720211,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,1]],"date-time":"2012-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1335830400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,16]],"date-time":"2013-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":441,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]],"date-time":"2011-12-01T08:23:53Z","timestamp":1322727833000},"page":"208-220","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Cryptorchidism and endocrine disrupting chemicals"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"355","author":[{"given":"Helena E.","family":"Virtanen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Adamsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.150219","article-title":"The descriptive epidemiology of congenital and acquired cryptorchidism in a UK infant cohort","volume":"94","author":"Acerini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1998.11040242.x","article-title":"Development of fetal male gender: prenatal sonographic measurement of the scrotum and evaluation of testicular descent","volume":"11","author":"Achiron","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199907000-00005","article-title":"Risk factor patterns for cryptorchidism and hypospadias","volume":"10","author":"Akre","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-06-0272","article-title":"Cryptorchidism in common eutherian mammals","volume":"133","author":"Amann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den038","article-title":"Insulin-like factor 3 levels in amniotic fluid of human male fetuses","volume":"23","author":"Anand-Ivell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10790","article-title":"Impaired reproductive development in sons of women occupationally exposed to pesticides during pregnancy","volume":"116","author":"Andersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2010.01088.x","article-title":"Further insights into the role of T222P variant of RXFP2 in non-syndromic cryptorchidism in two Mediterranean populations","volume":"34","author":"Ars","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/21.8.1593","article-title":"Effect of chlorinated hydrocarbons on expression of cytochrome P450 1A1, 1A2 and 1B1 and 2- and 4-hydroxylation of 17beta-estradiol in female Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"21","author":"Badawi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfg087","article-title":"Quantitative changes in gene expression in fetal rat testes following exposure to di(n-butyl)phthalate","volume":"73","author":"Barlow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392-199909010-00079","article-title":"Effects of an environmental endocrine disruptor on fetal development, estrogen receptor(alpha) and epidermal growth factor receptor expression in the porcine male genital tract","volume":"162","author":"Barthold","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-58353-7_1","article-title":"The testicular descent in human. Origin, development and fate of the gubernaculum Hunteri, processus vaginalis peritonei, and gonadal ligaments","volume":"156","author":"Barteczko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4048","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0358","article-title":"Insulin-like factor 3 levels in second-trimester amniotic fluid","volume":"93","author":"Bay","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2010.01074.x","article-title":"Human testicular insulin-like factor 3: in relation to development, reproductive hormones and andrological disorders","volume":"34","author":"Bay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2011.23","article-title":"Testicular descent: INSL3, testosterone, genes and the intrauterine milieu","volume":"8","author":"Bay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.1987.tb01239.x","article-title":"Effect of division of genitofemoral nerve on testicular descent in the rat","volume":"57","author":"Beasley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Aust. N.Z. J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(88)80445-7","article-title":"Clinical classification for undescended testes: experience in 1010 orchidopexies","volume":"23","author":"Beltran-Brown","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.92.1.44","article-title":"Prevalence and natural history of cryptorchidism","volume":"92","author":"Berkowitz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7382","article-title":"Organochlorine pesticides and male genital anomalies in the child health and development studies","volume":"113","author":"Bhatia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200203000-00015","article-title":"Maternal, delivery, and perinatal characteristics associated with cryptorchidism: a population-based case\u2013control study among births in Washington State","volume":"13","author":"Biggs","year":"2002","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2006.01.017","article-title":"Ah receptor: dioxin-mediated toxic responses as hints to deregulated physiologic functions","volume":"72","author":"Bock","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E138","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00228.2006","article-title":"T222P mutation of the insulin-like 3 hormone receptor LGR8 is associated with testicular maldescent and hinders receptor expression on the cell surface membrane","volume":"292","author":"Bogatcheva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15998-9","article-title":"Difference in prevalence of congenital cryptorchidism in infants between two Nordic countries","volume":"363","author":"Boisen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2003.10.011","article-title":"Steroidogenesis in fetal male rats is reduced by DEHP and DINP, but endocrine effects of DEHP are not modulated by DEHA in fetal, prepubertal and adult male rats","volume":"18","author":"Borch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-199101020-00003","article-title":"Flutamide. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic use in advanced prostatic cancer","volume":"1","author":"Brogden","year":"1991","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den186","article-title":"Cryptorchidism at birth in Nice area (France) is associated with higher prenatal exposure to PCBs and DDE, as assessed by colostrum concentrations","volume":"23","author":"Brucker-Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0130","first-page":"289","article-title":"Incidence of undescended testis in the newborn","volume":"283","author":"Buemann","year":"1961","journal-title":"Acta Chir. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2006.01.006","article-title":"Cryptorchidism and hypospadias in the Sicilian district of Ragusa and the use of pesticides","volume":"22","author":"Carbone","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2006.00703.x","article-title":"The possible role of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the aetiology of cryptorchidism and hypospadias: a population-based case\u2013control study in rural Sicily","volume":"30","author":"Carbone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5507","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-0689","article-title":"Estrogen receptor alpha is a major contributor to estrogen-mediated fetal testis dysgenesis and cryptorchidism","volume":"148","author":"Cederroth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36151-7","article-title":"Anatomical, morphological and volumetric analysis: a review of 759 cases of testicular maldescent","volume":"149","author":"Cendron","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900689","article-title":"Synergistic disruption of external male sex organ development by a mixture of four antiandrogens","volume":"117","author":"Christiansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1997.25622.x","article-title":"Genital anomalies in human and animal models reveal the mechanisms and hormones governing testicular descent","volume":"79","author":"Clarnette","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.06.046","article-title":"Estrogen receptor-alpha mediates the detrimental effects of neonatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in the murine reproductive tract","volume":"205","author":"Couse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8741","article-title":"Persistent pesticides in human breast milk and cryptorchidism","volume":"114","author":"Damgaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.141","article-title":"Reproductive effects of paternal exposure to chlorophenate wood preservatives in the sawmill industry","volume":"22","author":"Dimich-Ward","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1159\/000151596","article-title":"No association between T222P\/LGR8 mutation and cryptorchidism in the Moroccan population","volume":"70","author":"El Houate","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(01)00111-3","article-title":"Adverse effects on development of the reproductive system in male offspring of rats given monobutyl phthalate, a metabolite of dibutyl phthalate, during late pregnancy","volume":"15","author":"Ema","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.2.7379","article-title":"Involvement of insulin-like factor 3 (Insl3) in diethylstilbestrol-induced cryptorchidism","volume":"141","author":"Emmen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.03841.x","article-title":"INSL3\/RXFP2 signaling in testicular descent","volume":"1160","author":"Feng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4273","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030359","article-title":"The INSL3-LGR8\/GREAT ligand\u2013receptor pair in human cryptorchidism","volume":"88","author":"Ferlin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.668","article-title":"Genetic alterations associated with cryptorchidism","volume":"300","author":"Ferlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg273","article-title":"Human \u2018testicular dysgenesis syndrome\u2019: a possible model using in-utero exposure of the rat to dibutyl phthalate","volume":"18","author":"Fisher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2007-0042","article-title":"Role of hormones, genes, and environment in human cryptorchidism","volume":"29","author":"Foresta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2004.02.005","article-title":"Testicular cytochrome P450scc and LHR as possible targets of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the mouse","volume":"221","author":"Fukuzawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.961041090","article-title":"Exposure to pesticides and cryptorchidism: geographical evidence of a possible association","volume":"104","author":"Garcia-Rodriguez","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der283","article-title":"Prenatal environmental risk factors for genital malformations in a population of 1442 French male newborns: a nested case\u2013control study","volume":"26","author":"Gaspari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345105","article-title":"Incidence at birth and natural history of cryptorchidism: a study of 10,730 consecutive male infants","volume":"25","author":"Ghirri","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.19.2309","article-title":"Mutations of the GREAT gene cause cryptorchidism","volume":"11","author":"Gorlov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1994.1227","article-title":"Developmental effects of an environmental antiandrogen: the fungicide vinclozolin alters sex differentiation of the male rat","volume":"129","author":"Gray","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1995.1052","article-title":"Exposure to TCDD during development permanently alters reproductive function in male Long Evans rats and hamsters: reduced ejaculated and epididymal sperm numbers and sex accessory gland weights in offspring with normal androgenic status","volume":"131","author":"Gray","year":"1995","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1191\/074823399678846646","article-title":"Environmental antiandrogens: low doses of the fungicide vinclozolin alter sexual differentiation of the male rat","volume":"15","author":"Gray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1191\/074823399678846664","volume":"15","author":"Gray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/58.2.350","article-title":"Perinatal exposure to the phthalates DEHP, BBP, and DINP, but not DEP, DMP, or DOTP, alters sexual differentiation of the male rat","volume":"58","author":"Gray","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0270","first-page":"229","article-title":"Aspects of the testicular toxicity of phthalate esters","volume":"65","author":"Gray","year":"1986","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John Radcliffe Hospital Cryptorchidism Study Group, 1992. Cryptorchidism: a prospective study of 7500 consecutive male births, 1984\u20138. Arch. Dis. Child. 67, 892\u2013899.","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.67.7.892"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.94102680","article-title":"Developmental abnormalities of the gonad and abnormal sex hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators from contaminated and control lakes in Florida","volume":"102","author":"Guillette","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-003-0487-9","article-title":"Yucheng: health effects of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans","volume":"77","author":"Guo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2003.04317.x","article-title":"Previous testicular position in boys referred for an undescended testis: further explanation of the late orchidopexy enigma?","volume":"92","author":"Hack","year":"2003","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9360","article-title":"Combined exposure to anti-androgens exacerbates disruption of sexual differentiation in the rat","volume":"115","author":"Hass","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0300","first-page":"93","article-title":"The gubernaculum during testicular descent in the human fetus","volume":"153","author":"Heyns","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1126\/science.162.3850.271","article-title":"Chlorinated hydrocarbons and eggshell changes in raptorial and fish-eating birds","volume":"162","author":"Hickey","year":"1968","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1072381","article-title":"Is there a correlation between organochlorine compounds and undescended testes?","volume":"10","author":"Hosie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92739-4","article-title":"A biphasic model for the hormonal control of testicular descent","volume":"2","author":"Hutson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(86)80830-2","article-title":"Testicular feminization: a model for testicular descent in mice and men","volume":"21","author":"Hutson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2010.04.001","article-title":"Cryptorchidism","volume":"19","author":"Hutson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-007-1907-9","article-title":"Signalling molecules: clues from development of the limb bud for cryptorchidism?","volume":"23","author":"Huynh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.131.3.1324152","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride and the antiandrogen flutamide on prostate and genital differentiation: dose\u2013response studies","volume":"131","author":"Imperato-McGinley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0340","unstructured":"IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety. Available from: <http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/hq\/2002\/a76784_ch1.pdf> (accessed 10.08.2011)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2009.01046.x","article-title":"Combined exposure to endocrine disrupting pesticides impairs parturition, causes pup mortality and affects sexual differentiation in rats","volume":"33","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000254061.90686.9f","article-title":"Cryptorchidism according to maternal gestational smoking","volume":"18","author":"Jensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181f20bed","article-title":"Maternal use of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid during pregnancy and risk of cryptorchidism","volume":"21","author":"Jensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1994.1117","article-title":"Environmental hormone disruptors: evidence that vinclozolin developmental toxicity is mediated by antiandrogenic metabolites","volume":"126","author":"Kelce","year":"1994","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/375581a0","article-title":"Persistent DDT metabolite p,p\u2032-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist","volume":"375","author":"Kelce","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.82453","article-title":"Overview of phthalate ester pharmacokinetics in mammalian species","volume":"45","author":"Kluwe","year":"1982","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199709000-00011","article-title":"Birth defects among offspring of Norwegian farmers, 1967\u20131991","volume":"8","author":"Kristensen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq323","article-title":"Intrauterine exposure to mild analgesics is a risk factor for development of male reproductive disorders in human and rat","volume":"26","author":"Kristensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.3.4979","article-title":"Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha and beta","volume":"138","author":"Kuiper","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0390","first-page":"CR274","article-title":"Parental and neonatal risk factors for cryptorchidism","volume":"11","author":"Kurahashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfh169","article-title":"Dose-dependent alterations in gene expression and testosterone synthesis in the fetal testes of male rats exposed to di(n-butyl)phthalate","volume":"81","author":"Lehmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1998.8550","article-title":"Effects of relatively low levels of mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on cocultured Sertoli cells and gonocytes from neonatal rats","volume":"153","author":"Li","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.4.313","article-title":"Maternal serum level of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene and risk of cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and polythelia among male offspring","volume":"155","author":"Longnecker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(92)90101-W","article-title":"In utero and lactational exposure of male rats to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. 1. Effects on androgenic status","volume":"114","author":"Mably","year":"1992","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8075","article-title":"Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductive hormones in infants three months of age","volume":"114","author":"Main","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9924","article-title":"Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys","volume":"115","author":"Main","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2009.10.003","article-title":"Genital anomalies in boys and the environment","volume":"24","author":"Main","year":"2010","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10545","article-title":"Testicular dysgenesis syndrome and the estrogen hypothesis: a quantitative meta-analysis","volume":"116","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.4.964","article-title":"Maternal and gestational factors in cryptorchidism","volume":"20","author":"McBride","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1080\/15287397909529816","article-title":"Action of exogenously administered steroid hormones following perinatal exposure to polybrominated biphenyls","volume":"5","author":"McCormack","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800389","article-title":"Maternal pregnancy levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of hypospadias and cryptorchidism in male offspring","volume":"117","author":"McGlynn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/62.2.236","article-title":"Androgen-mediated development in male rat offspring exposed to flutamide in utero: permanence and correlation of early postnatal changes in anogenital distance and nipple retention with malformations in androgen-dependent tissues","volume":"62","author":"McIntyre","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2001.tb02186.x","article-title":"Suppression of androgen action and the induction of gross abnormalities of the reproductive tract in male rats treated neonatally with diethylstilbestrol","volume":"22","author":"McKinnell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4536","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0676","article-title":"Expression of insulin-like factor 3 protein in the rat testis during fetal and postnatal development and in relation to cryptorchidism induced by in utero exposure to di(n-butyl)phthalate","volume":"146","author":"McKinnell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1126\/science.242076","article-title":"Reproductive tract lesions in male mice exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol","volume":"190","author":"McLachlan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfm079","article-title":"Dysgenesis and histological changes of genitals and perturbations of gene expression in male rats after in utero exposure to antiandrogen mixtures","volume":"98","author":"Metzdorff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.27.19","article-title":"Effects of perinatal exposure to flutamide on sex hormones and androgen-dependent organs in F1 male rats","volume":"27","author":"Miyata","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1460357","article-title":"Spermaturia and serum hormone concentrations at the age of puberty in booys prenatally exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls","volume":"146","author":"Mol","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-10-3","article-title":"Parental occupational exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and male genital malformations: a study in the Danish National Birth Cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Morales-Suarez-Varela","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1125","article-title":"Fetal pituitary gonadotropin as an initial target of dioxin in its impairment of cholesterol transportation and steroidogenesis in rats","volume":"147","author":"Mutoh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1006\/taap.1999.8643","article-title":"Disruption of androgen-regulated male reproductive development by di(n-butyl)phthalate during late gestation in rats is different from flutamide","volume":"156","author":"Mylchreest","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/55.1.143","article-title":"Dose-dependent alterations in androgen-regulated male reproductive development in rats exposed to di(n-butyl)phthalate during late gestation","volume":"55","author":"Mylchreest","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfi308","article-title":"In utero and lactational exposure to TCDD; steroidogenic outcomes differ in male and female rat pups","volume":"88","author":"Myllymaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2007.04.035","article-title":"Cell membrane and mitotic markers show that the neonatal rat gubernaculum grows in a similar way to an embryonic limb bud","volume":"42","author":"Na","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2005.06.004","article-title":"In vitro estrogenicity of polybrominated flame retardants","volume":"74","author":"Nakari","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1038\/10364","article-title":"Cryptorchidism in mice mutant for Insl3","volume":"22","author":"Nef","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)43672-X","article-title":"Testicular tumors in mice exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol","volume":"138","author":"Newbold","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(82)90033-3","article-title":"Effects of polybrominated biphenyls on metabolism of testosterone by rat hepatic microsomes","volume":"63","author":"Newton","year":"1982","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2004.10.010","article-title":"Gubernacular cell division in different rodent models of cryptorchidism supports indirect androgenic action via the genitofemoral nerve","volume":"40","author":"Ng","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2007.08.016","article-title":"The migrating gubernaculum grows like a \u201climb bud\u201d","volume":"43","author":"Nightingale","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0545","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Induction of urogenital anomalies and some tumors in the progeny of mice receiving diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy","volume":"37","author":"Nomura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1993","article-title":"The leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 8 gene T222P mutation does not cause cryptorchidism","volume":"93","author":"Nuti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/60.1.132","volume":"60","author":"Ohsako","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01606","article-title":"Modulation of oestrogen receptor signalling by association with the activated dioxin receptor","volume":"423","author":"Ohtake","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05683","article-title":"Dioxin receptor is a ligand-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase","volume":"446","author":"Ohtake","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/074823379901500108","article-title":"The fungicide procymidone alters sexual differentiation in the male rat by acting as an androgen-receptor antagonist in vivo and in vitro","volume":"15","author":"Ostby","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/gene.1029","article-title":"A transgenic insertion causing cryptorchidism in mice","volume":"30","author":"Overbeek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-8-37","article-title":"Urogenital abnormalities in men exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero: a cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Palmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(91)90721-5","article-title":"The gubernaculum shows rhythmic contractility and active movement during testicular descent","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/58.2.339","article-title":"The plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate induces malformations by decreasing fetal testosterone synthesis during sexual differentiation in the male rat","volume":"58","author":"Parks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7243","article-title":"Maternal and paternal risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias: a case\u2013control study in newborn boys","volume":"112","author":"Pierik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2007.04.005","article-title":"Maternal pregnancy serum level of heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane and risk of cryptorchidism in offspring","volume":"105","author":"Pierik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh887","article-title":"Higher than expected prevalence of congenital cryptorchidism in Lithuania: a study of 1204 boys at birth and 1 year follow-up","volume":"20","author":"Preiksa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0610","first-page":"6089","article-title":"Estrogen imprinting of the developing prostate gland is mediated through stromal estrogen receptor alpha: studies with alphaERKO and betaERKO mice","volume":"61","author":"Prins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(94)00341-A","article-title":"Fetal genital effects of first-trimester sex hormone exposure: a meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Raman-Wilms","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.1789","article-title":"Birth defects among children born to a population occupationally exposed to pesticides in Colombia","volume":"16","author":"Restrepo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scand. J. Work Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2007.00859.x","article-title":"A mixture of seven antiandrogens induces reproductive malformations in rats","volume":"31","author":"Rider","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4797","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220531","article-title":"Induction of reproductive tract developmental abnormalities in the male rat by lowering androgen production or action in combination with a low dose of diethylstilbestrol: evidence for importance of the androgen\u2013estrogen balance","volume":"143","author":"Rivas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67182-6","article-title":"Health risks and benefits of bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT)","volume":"366","author":"Rogan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0223(200102)21:2<112::AID-PD2>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Prenatal measurement of testicular diameter by ultrasonography: development of fetal male gender and evaluation of testicular descent","volume":"21","author":"Rotondi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)63980-6","article-title":"Analysis of testicular migration during the fetal period in humans","volume":"159","author":"Sampaio","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9414","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)68776-4","article-title":"Mouse alpha 1-fetoprotein and albumin. A comparison of their binding properties with estrogen and fatty acid ligands","volume":"256","author":"Savu","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2005.00567.x","article-title":"Human exposure to phthalates via consumer products","volume":"29","author":"Schettler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(02)00076-X","article-title":"Effects of Aroclors and individual PCB congeners on activation of the human androgen receptor in vitro","volume":"17","author":"Schrader","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.39.208.605","article-title":"The descent of the testis","volume":"39","author":"Scorer","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90953-E","article-title":"Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract?","volume":"341","author":"Sharpe","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.12.026","article-title":"Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: mechanistic insights and potential new downstream effects","volume":"89","author":"Sharpe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-104-5-1442","article-title":"Diethylstilbestrol and estradiol binding to serum albumin and pregnancy plasma of rat and human","volume":"104","author":"Sheehan","year":"1979","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2005.11.019","article-title":"A new role for androgen in testicular descent: permitting gubernacular cell proliferation in response to the neuropeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide","volume":"41","author":"Shenker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)32708-8","article-title":"Transabdominal testicular descent is really ovarian ascent","volume":"152","author":"Shono","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.1996.tb00474.x","article-title":"Scanning electron microscopy shows inhibited gubernacular development in relation to undescended testes in oestrogen-treated mice","volume":"19","author":"Shono","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2003.10.015","article-title":"The effect of a prenatal androgen disruptor, vinclozolin, on gubernacular migration and testicular descent in rats","volume":"39","author":"Shono","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2003.10.014","article-title":"Short-time exposure to vinclozolin in utero induces testicular maldescent associated with a spinal nucleus alteration of the genitofemoral nerve in rats","volume":"39","author":"Shono","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfh142","article-title":"Pattern of male reproductive system effects after in utero and lactational 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposure in three differentially TCDD-sensitive rat lines","volume":"80","author":"Simanainen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/16.5.972","article-title":"Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects","volume":"16","author":"Skakkebaek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800058","article-title":"Maternal exposure to a brominated flame retardant and genitourinary conditions in male offspring","volume":"117","author":"Small","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-2-741","article-title":"Effects of flutamide and finasteride on rat testicular descent","volume":"129","author":"Spencer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2005.05.010","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro anti-androgenic effects of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture","volume":"207","author":"Stoker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2005.05.006","article-title":"Male reproductive disorders in humans and prenatal indicators of estrogen exposure. A review of published epidemiological studies","volume":"21","author":"Storgaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8100","article-title":"Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure","volume":"113","author":"Swan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s003830050239","article-title":"Undescended testes: incidence in 1002 consecutive male infants and outcome at 1 year of age","volume":"13","author":"Thong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr. Surg. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(98)00067-3","article-title":"Transcriptional suppression of estrogen receptor gene expression by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)","volume":"67","author":"Tian","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.96104s4741","article-title":"Male reproductive health and environmental xenoestrogens","volume":"104","author":"Toppari","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/7.3.282","article-title":"Trends in the incidence of cryptorchidism and hypospadias, and methodological limitations of registry-based data","volume":"7","author":"Toppari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20707","article-title":"Cryptorchidism and hypospadias as a sign of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS): environmental connection","volume":"88","author":"Toppari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s002040050664","article-title":"Repeated dose (28 days) oral toxicity study of flutamide in rats, based on the draft protocol for the \u2018Enhanced OECD Test Guideline 407\u2019 for screening for endocrine-disrupting chemicals","volume":"74","author":"Toyoda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110125","article-title":"Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT): ubiquity, persistence, and risks","volume":"110","author":"Turusov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/annhyg\/mef053","article-title":"A job-exposure matrix for potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals developed for a study into the association between maternal occupational exposure and hypospadias","volume":"46","author":"Van Tongeren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2007.01.001","article-title":"Sequelae in male rabbits following developmental exposure to p,p\u2032-DDT or a mixture of p,p\u2032-DDT and vinclozolin: cryptorchidism, germ cell atypia, and sexual dysfunction","volume":"23","author":"Veeramachaneni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2004.12.015","article-title":"In utero exposure to environmental estrogens and male reproductive health: a systematic review of biological and epidemiologic evidence","volume":"20","author":"Vidaeff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virtanen, H.E., Koskenniemi, J.J., Sundqvist, E., Main, K.M., Kiviranta, H., Tuomisto, J.T., Tuomisto, J., Viluksela, M., Vartiainen, T., Skakkebaek, N.E., Toppari, J., in press. Associations between congenital cryptorchidism in newborn boys and levels of dioxins and PCBs in placenta. Int. J. Androl. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2011.01233.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2011.01233.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner-Mahler, K., Kurzenne, J.Y., Delattre, I., B\u00e9rard, E., Mas, J.C., Bornebush, L., Tommasi, C., Boda-Buccino, M., Ducot, B., Boull\u00e9, C., Ferrari, P., Azuar, P., Bongain, A., F\u00e9nichel, P., Brucker-Davis, F., 2011. Prospective study on the prevalence and associated risk factors of cryptorchidism in 6246 newborn boys from Nice area, France. Int. J. Androl. doi: 10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2011.01211.x. [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2011.01211.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.98106793","article-title":"Cryptorchidism and hypospadias in sons of gardeners and farmers","volume":"106","author":"Weidner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34241","article-title":"Identification in rats of a programming window for reproductive tract masculinization, disruption of which leads to hypospadias and cryptorchidism","volume":"118","author":"Welsh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/7.3.236","article-title":"Neonatal exposure to potent and environmental oestrogens and abnormalities of the male reproductive system in the rat: evidence for importance of the androgen\u2013oestrogen balance and assessment of the relevance to man","volume":"7","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2003.09.012","article-title":"Phthalate ester-induced gubernacular lesions are associated with reduced insl3 gene expression in the fetal rat testis","volume":"146","author":"Wilson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2007.03.004","article-title":"Differential expression of the phthalate syndrome in male Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats after in utero DEHP exposure","volume":"170","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2008.00946.x","article-title":"Acquired cryptorchidism is frequent in infancy and childhood","volume":"32","author":"Wohlfahrt-Veje","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9710513","article-title":"Proposed PCB congener groupings for epidemiological studies","volume":"105","author":"Wolff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19998","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.34.19998","article-title":"Androgen receptor antagonist versus agonist activities of the fungicide vinclozolin relative to hydroxyflutamide","volume":"270","author":"Wong","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/53.2.289","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of a 5-day Hershberger assay utilizing mature male rats and a pubertal male assay for detection of flutamide\u2019s antiandrogenic activity","volume":"53","author":"Yamada","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.30.7","article-title":"Effects of maternal exposure to a low dose of diethylstilbestrol on sexual dimorphic nucleus volume and male reproductive system in rat offspring","volume":"30","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-09-0518","article-title":"The role of RXFP2 in mediating androgen-induced inguinoscrotal testis descent in LH receptor knockout mice","volume":"139","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000201566.42186.5f","article-title":"Occupational exposure to pesticides and pregnancy outcomes in gardeners and farmers: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort","volume":"48","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015_b0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.13.5.0272","article-title":"Targeted disruption of the Insl3 gene causes bilateral cryptorchidism","volume":"13","author":"Zimmermann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0303720711006782?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0303720711006782?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T00:33:16Z","timestamp":1713141196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0303720711006782"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]},"references-count":173,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0303720711006782"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["0303-7207"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0303-7207","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,5]]}}}