{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:58:40Z","timestamp":1791233920717,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,19]],"date-time":"2013-09-19T04:16:25Z","timestamp":1379564185000},"page":"28-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":195,"title":["GnRH pulse frequency-dependent differential regulation of LH and FSH gene expression"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"385","author":[{"given":"Iain R.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ursula B.","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.10.3319","article-title":"Immortalization of pituitary cells at discrete stages of development by directed oncogenesis in transgenic mice","volume":"122","author":"Alarid","year":"1996","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35746","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.063917","article-title":"Pulsatile and sustained gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor signaling: does the Ca2+\/NFAT signaling pathway decode GnRH pulse frequency?","volume":"284","author":"Armstrong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2008-0333","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and protein kinase C signaling to ERK: spatiotemporal regulation of ERK by docking domains and dual-specificity phosphatases","volume":"23","author":"Armstrong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24360","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.115964","article-title":"Pulsatile and sustained gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor signaling: does the ERK signaling pathway decode GnRH pulse frequency?","volume":"285","author":"Armstrong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1126\/science.100883","article-title":"Hypophysial responses to continuous and intermittent delivery of hypopthalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"202","author":"Belchetz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4554","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M006995200","article-title":"Role of dynamin, Src, and Ras in the protein kinase C-mediated activation of ERK by gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"276","author":"Benard","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3698","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00178a029","article-title":"Regulation of gonadotropin mRNA levels in cultured rat pituitary cells by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH): role for Ca2+ and protein kinase C","volume":"33","author":"Ben-Menahem","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.03.034","article-title":"Mechanisms of FSH synthesis: what we know, what we do not, and why you should care","volume":"93","author":"Bernard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-984741","article-title":"Neuroendocrine effects of androgens in adult polycystic ovary syndrome and female puberty","volume":"25","author":"Blank","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2009-0030","article-title":"ERK signaling in the pituitary is required for female but not male fertility","volume":"23","author":"Bliss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2010.04.002","article-title":"GnRH signaling, the gonadotrope and endocrine control of fertility","volume":"31","author":"Bliss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1418","article-title":"Extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, and c-Src are involved in gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated activity of the glycoprotein hormone follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit promoter","volume":"145","author":"Bonfil","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.1.01600","article-title":"Regulation of gonadotropin subunit gene transcription","volume":"33","author":"Burger","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.070987","article-title":"Regulation of intracellular signaling cascades by GNRH pulse frequency in the rat pituitary: roles for CaMK II, ERK, and JNK activation","volume":"79","author":"Burger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26612","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M801500200","article-title":"Spatiotemporal regulation of ERK2 by dual specificity phosphatases","volume":"283","author":"Caunt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32832d88fb","article-title":"The biology of gonadotroph regulation","volume":"16","author":"Ciccone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2007-0455","article-title":"A composite element that binds basic helix loop helix and basic leucine zipper transcription factors is important for gonadotropin-releasing hormone regulation of the follicle-stimulating hormone beta gene","volume":"22","author":"Ciccone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00848-09","article-title":"Frequency-dependent regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone beta by pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone is mediated by functional antagonism of bZIP transcription factors","volume":"30","author":"Ciccone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M304697200","article-title":"A novel AP-1 site is critical for maximal induction of the follicle-stimulating hormone beta gene by gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"279","author":"Coss","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1740179","article-title":"Co-localisation of gonadotrophins and granins in gonadotrophs at different stages of the oestrous cycle in sheep","volume":"174","author":"Crawford","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1240267","article-title":"Promotion of intragranular co-aggregation with LH by enhancement of secretogranin II storage resulted in increased intracellular granule storage in gonadotrophs of GnRH-deprived male mice","volume":"124","author":"Crawford","year":"2002","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-125-2-917","article-title":"The frequency of gonadotropin-releasing-hormone stimulation differentially regulates gonadotropin subunit messenger ribonucleic acid expression","volume":"125","author":"Dalkin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3000299","article-title":"Absence of rapid desensitization of the mouse gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor","volume":"300","author":"Davidson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2007.01616.x","article-title":"Paracrinicity: the story of 30 years of cellular pituitary crosstalk","volume":"20","author":"Denef","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13870","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.20.13870","article-title":"Activation of luteinizing hormone beta gene by gonadotropin-releasing hormone requires the synergy of early growth response-1 and steroidogenic factor-1","volume":"274","author":"Dorn","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.16.2.0779","article-title":"GnRH regulates early growth response protein 1 transcription through multiple promoter elements","volume":"16","author":"Duan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0135","first-page":"774","article-title":"Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Dunaif","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-128-1-273","article-title":"Acute inhibitory effects of 17 beta-estradiol are observed on gonadotropin secretion from perifused pituitary fragments of metestrous, but not proestrous, rats","volume":"128","author":"Fallest","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1450387","article-title":"Gonadotrophin secretion revisited. How many ways can FSH leave a gonadotroph?","volume":"145","author":"Farnworth","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.049049","article-title":"Mechanisms for pulsatile regulation of the gonadotropin subunit genes by GNRH1","volume":"74","author":"Ferris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gan079","article-title":"Conservation of mechanisms mediating gonadotrophin-releasing hormone 1 stimulation of human luteinizing hormone beta subunit transcription","volume":"15","author":"Fortin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1159\/000165377","article-title":"Emerging targets of the GnRH receptor: novel interactions with Wnt signalling mediators","volume":"89","author":"Gardner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.082925","article-title":"Sustained gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation mobilizes the cAMP\/PKA pathway to induce nitric oxide synthase type 1 expression in rat pituitary cells in vitro and in vivo at proestrus","volume":"82","author":"Garrel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-11-1-177","article-title":"Molecular biology of the pituitary gonadotropins","volume":"11","author":"Gharib","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2008-0477","article-title":"GnRH stimulates expression of PACAP in the pituitary gonadotropes via both the PKA and PKC signaling systems","volume":"23","author":"Grafer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.162R001","article-title":"LbetaT2 gonadotroph cells secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in response to active A","volume":"162","author":"Graham","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9193","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.13.9193","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor initiates multiple signaling pathways by exclusively coupling to G(q\/11) proteins","volume":"275","author":"Grosse","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-128-1-509","article-title":"A pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulus is required to increase transcription of the gonadotropin subunit genes: evidence for differential regulation of transcription by pulse frequency in vivo","volume":"128","author":"Haisenleder","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5227","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.12.5611","article-title":"Gonadotropin subunit and gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene expression are regulated by alterations in the frequency of calcium pulsatile signals","volume":"138","author":"Haisenleder","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod65.6.1789","article-title":"Gonadotropin subunit transcriptional responses to calcium signals in the rat: evidence for regulation by pulse frequency","volume":"65","author":"Haisenleder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-0168","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation of gonadotropin subunit transcription: evidence for the involvement of calcium\/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (Ca\/CAMK II) activation in rat pituitaries","volume":"144","author":"Haisenleder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-0013","article-title":"The calcium component of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated luteinizing hormone subunit gene transcription is mediated by calcium\/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II","volume":"144","author":"Haisenleder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6645","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.12.6645","article-title":"Stimulation of luteinizing hormone beta gene promoter activity by the orphan nuclear receptor, steroidogenic factor-1","volume":"271","author":"Halvorson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.5.6707","article-title":"The role of protein kinases A and C pathways in the regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor activation","volume":"140","author":"Han","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2005.01353.x","article-title":"Regulation of expression of mammalian gonadotrophin-releasing hormone receptor genes","volume":"17","author":"Hapgood","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.3.8675","article-title":"Activation of MAPK cascades by GnRH: ERK and Jun N-terminal kinase are involved in basal and GnRH-stimulated activity of the glycoprotein hormone LHbeta-subunit promoter","volume":"143","author":"Harris","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0755","article-title":"Cardiometabolic features of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Hoffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0240","first-page":"1673","article-title":"Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors activate phospholipase C by coupling to the guanosine triphosphate-binding proteins Gq and G11","volume":"6","author":"Hsieh","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod41.3.454","article-title":"Similar effects of inhibin and cycloheximide on gonadotropin release in superfused pituitary cell cultures","volume":"41","author":"Jakubowiak","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12280","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.26.12280","article-title":"A mechanism for the differential regulation of gonadotropin subunit gene expression by gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"92","author":"Kaiser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.3.4968","article-title":"Differential effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse frequency on gonadotropin subunit and GnRH receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels in vitro","volume":"138","author":"Kaiser","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0250","first-page":"1235","article-title":"Sp1, steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1), and early growth response protein 1 (egr-1) binding sites form a tripartite gonadotropin-releasing hormone response element in the rat luteinizing hormone-beta gene promoter: an integral role for SF-1","volume":"14","author":"Kaiser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(03)00446-3","article-title":"Identification of distinct gene expression profiles associated with treatment of LbetaT2 cells with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist using microarray analysis","volume":"308","author":"Kakar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5503","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-1317","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in perifused LbetaT2 cells","volume":"146","author":"Kanasaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.143.6.8857","article-title":"Paracrine regulation of FSH by follistatin in folliculostellate cell-enriched primate pituitary cell cultures","volume":"143","author":"Kawakami","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0535708100","article-title":"An agonist-induced switch in G protein coupling of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor regulates pulsatile neuropeptide secretion","volume":"100","author":"Krsmanovic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-3-711","article-title":"Altered patterns of pituitary secretion and renal excretion of free alpha-subunit during gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist-induced pituitary desensitization","volume":"72","author":"Landy","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-1473","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone couples to 3\u2032,5\u2032-cyclic adenosine-5\u2032-monophosphate pathway through novel protein kinase Cdelta and -epsilon in LbetaT2 gonadotrope cells","volume":"148","author":"Lariviere","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2006-0392","article-title":"Pulse sensitivity of the luteinizing hormone beta promoter is determined by a negative feedback loop Involving early growth response-1 and Ngfi-A binding protein 1 and 2","volume":"21","author":"Lawson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5279.1219","article-title":"Luteinizing hormone deficiency and female infertility in mice lacking the transcription factor NGFI-A (Egr-1)","volume":"273","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0305","first-page":"815","article-title":"Stimulation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by gonadotropin-releasing hormone in pituitary alpha T3-1 cell line is mediated by protein kinase C, c-Src, and CDC42","volume":"12","author":"Levi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4105","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00248-07","article-title":"Distinct mechanisms involving diverse histone deacetylases repress expression of the two gonadotropin beta-subunit genes in immature gonadotropes, and their actions are overcome by gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"27","author":"Lim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3896","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.9.6214","article-title":"Transcriptional activation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor gene by GnRH and cyclic adenosine monophosphate","volume":"139","author":"Lin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0320","first-page":"419","article-title":"GnRH activates ERK1\/2 leading to the induction of c-fos and LHbeta protein expression in LbetaT2 cells","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32099","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M203639200","article-title":"Involvement of both G(q\/11) and G(s) proteins in gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor-mediated signaling in L beta T2 cells","volume":"277","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4864","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.11.7588218","article-title":"Desensitization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone action in the gonadotrope-derived alpha T3-1 cell line","volume":"136","author":"McArdle","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23711","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.39.23711","article-title":"Desensitization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone action in alphaT3-1 cells due to uncoupling of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate generation and Ca2+ mobilization","volume":"271","author":"McArdle","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0340","first-page":"463","article-title":"The differential secretion of FSH and LH: regulation through genes, feedback and packaging","volume":"61","author":"McNeilly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(02)00016-4","article-title":"GnRH II and type II GnRH receptors","volume":"14","author":"Millar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2005.05.032","article-title":"GnRHs and GnRH receptors","volume":"88","author":"Millar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2011-0032","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse sensitivity of follicle-stimulating hormone-beta gene is mediated by differential expression of positive regulatory activator protein 1 factors and corepressors SKIL and TGIF1","volume":"25","author":"Mistry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14182","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.19.14182","article-title":"Divergent signaling pathways requiring discrete calcium signals mediate concurrent activation of two mitogen-activated protein kinases by gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"275","author":"Mulvaney","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2008.07.001","article-title":"Signaling by G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR): studies on the GnRH receptor","volume":"30","author":"Naor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0320467","article-title":"Differential secretion of gonadotrophins: investigation of the role of secretogranin II and chromogranin A in the release of LH and FSH in LbetaT2 cells","volume":"32","author":"Nicol","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2004.07.018","article-title":"Pituitary cell lines and their endocrine applications","volume":"228","author":"Ooi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1089\/adt.2005.3.143","article-title":"High-throughput screening using beta-lactamase reporter-gene technology for identification of low-molecular-weight antagonists of the human gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor","volume":"3","author":"Oosterom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Assay Drug Dev. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.6.8185","article-title":"Cell-specific transcriptional regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone-beta by activin and gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the LbetaT2 pituitary gonadotrope cell model","volume":"142","author":"Pernasetti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.088526","article-title":"Induction of dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) by pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation: role for gonadotropin subunit expression in mouse pituitary LbetaT2 cells","volume":"84","author":"Purwana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0395","first-page":"734","article-title":"A single Pitx1 binding site is essential for activity of the LHbeta promoter in transgenic mice","volume":"15","author":"Quirk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0094","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone induction of extracellular-signal regulated kinase is blocked by inhibition of calmodulin","volume":"19","author":"Roberson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5395-9_35","article-title":"Several GnRH stimulation frequencies differentially release FSH and LH from isolated, perfused rat anterior pituitary cells","volume":"219","author":"Savoy-Moore","year":"1987","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.18.2.0295","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of ligand interaction with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor","volume":"18","author":"Sealfon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0415","first-page":"521","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency in the human (idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Kallmann\u2019s syndrome): pathophysiological and genetic considerations","volume":"19","author":"Seminara","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod59.3.579","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor couples to multiple G proteins in rat gonadotrophs and in GGH3 cells: evidence from palmitoylation and overexpression of G proteins","volume":"59","author":"Stanislaus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE-07-0138","article-title":"Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor activation on gonadotropin transcription and cell mitosis induced by bone morphogenetic proteins in mouse gonadotrope LbetaT2 cells","volume":"194","author":"Takeda","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.09.003","article-title":"Hormones in synergy: regulation of the pituitary gonadotropin genes","volume":"314","author":"Thackray","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.7.8770922","article-title":"The L beta T2 clonal gonadotrope: a model for single cell studies of endocrine cell secretion","volume":"137","author":"Thomas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2012-1281","article-title":"GnRH pulse frequency-dependent stimulation of FSHbeta transcription is mediated via activation of PKA and CREB","volume":"27","author":"Thompson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20262","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.132662","article-title":"Signaling responses to pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone in LbetaT2 gonadotrope cells","volume":"285","author":"Tsutsumi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0450","first-page":"439","article-title":"Steroid and pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulation of luteinizing hormone and GnRH receptor in a novel gonadotrope cell line","volume":"10","author":"Turgeon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2008-0098","article-title":"Proteasome regulation of dynamic transcription factor occupancy on the GnRH-stimulated luteinizing hormone beta-subunit promoter","volume":"23","author":"Walsh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5577","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-0220","article-title":"Activator protein-1 and smad proteins synergistically regulate human follicle-stimulating hormone beta-promoter activity","volume":"149","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4682-1-9","article-title":"A mathematical model for LH release in response to continuous and pulsatile exposure of gonadotrophs to GnRH","volume":"1","author":"Washington","year":"2004","journal-title":"Theor. Biol. Med. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00271348","article-title":"Topology of chromogranin A and secretogranin II in the rat anterior pituitary: potential marker proteins for distinct secretory pathways in gonadotrophs","volume":"96","author":"Watanabe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Histochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-127-5-2364","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced stimulation and desensitization of free alpha-subunit secretion mirrors luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in perifused rat pituitary cells","volume":"127","author":"Weiss","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2007-1502","article-title":"Functional characterization of genetically labeled gonadotropes","volume":"149","author":"Wen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-109-2-376","article-title":"Frequency and amplitude of gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation and gonadotropin secretion in the rhesus monkey","volume":"109","author":"Wildt","year":"1981","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30146","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.42.30146","article-title":"Lack of a C-terminal tail in the mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor confers resistance to agonist-dependent phosphorylation and rapid desensitization","volume":"274","author":"Willars","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-4-4-597","article-title":"Cell lines of the pituitary gonadotrope lineage derived by targeted oncogenesis in transgenic mice","volume":"4","author":"Windle","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0500","first-page":"752","article-title":"Early growth response protein 1 binds to the luteinizing hormone-beta promoter and mediates gonadotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated gene expression","volume":"13","author":"Wolfe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5832","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0257","article-title":"Rapid, efficient isolation of murine gonadotropes and their use in revealing control of follicle-stimulating hormone by paracrine pituitary factors","volume":"145","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47195","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M108716200","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor-coupled gene network organization","volume":"276","author":"Wurmbach","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0056","article-title":"Transcript profiling of immediate early genes reveals a unique role for activating transcription factor 3 in mediating activation of the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit promoter by gonadotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"19","author":"Xie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35272","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M105404200","article-title":"Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylates and targets inducible cAMP early repressor to ubiquitin-mediated destruction","volume":"276","author":"Yehia","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.1.01881","article-title":"Role of MAP kinase phosphatases in GnRH-dependent activation of MAP kinases","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(01)00574-1","article-title":"Structural organization of the rat mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 2 gene","volume":"273","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45604","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M107075200","article-title":"An early growth response protein (Egr) 1 cis-element is required for gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 2 gene expression","volume":"276","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0303720713003742?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0303720713003742?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T23:37:44Z","timestamp":1715989064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0303720713003742"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0303720713003742"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0303-7207"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0303-7207","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"GnRH pulse frequency-dependent differential regulation of LH and FSH gene expression","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2013.09.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}