{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T06:05:45Z","timestamp":1792044345681,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569888000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,30]],"date-time":"2019-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006259","name":"Teva Pharmaceutical Industries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006259","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]],"date-time":"2019-07-25T01:54:43Z","timestamp":1564019683000},"page":"110520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["GH3 and RC-4BC cell lines are not suitable as in vitro models to study prolactin modulation and AHR responsiveness in rat pituitary"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"496","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8396-5494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.D.","family":"van den Brand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Rubinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"van den Berg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3838-9731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.B.M.","family":"van Duursen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.002642","article-title":"The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors","volume":"63","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.22.6.0451","article-title":"Dopamine as a prolactin (PRL) inhibitor","volume":"22","author":"Ben-Jonathan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2007-0017","article-title":"What can we learn from rodents about prolactin in humans?","volume":"29","author":"Ben-Jonathan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-126-1-159","article-title":"Corticosteroid regulation of gonadotropin and prolactin secretion in the rat","volume":"126","author":"Brann","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2014.11.010","article-title":"A peripherally restricted P2Y12receptor antagonist altered rat tumor incidences with no human relevance: mode of action consistent with dopamine agonism","volume":"1","author":"Brott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Reports"},{"issue":"3B","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1051\/rnd:19770402","article-title":"Effect of 17\u03b2-Estradiol on on prolactin secretion and thyroliberin responsiveness in two rat prolactin continous cell lines. Definition of an experimental model","volume":"17","author":"Brunet","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann. Biol. Anim. Biochim. Biophys."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041090220","article-title":"Effects of thyroliberin (TRH) on cell proliferation and prolactin secretion by GH3\/B6 rat pituitary cells: a comparison between serum-free and serum-supplemented media","volume":"109","author":"Brunet","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.12.027","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation in lactotropes and gonadotropes interferes with estradiol-dependent and -independent preprolactin, glycoprotein alpha and luteinizing hormone beta gene expression","volume":"333","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(92)90113-4","article-title":"PMA-sensitive protein kinase C is not necessary in TRH-stimulated prolactin release from female rat primary pituitary cells","volume":"51","author":"Cheng","year":"1992","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2017.01.006","article-title":"And now for something completely different: diversity in ligand-dependent activation of Ah receptor responses","volume":"2","author":"Denison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Toxicol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr218","article-title":"Exactly the same but different: promiscuity and diversity in the molecular mechanisms of action of the aryl hydrocarbon (dioxin) receptor","volume":"124","author":"Denison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(95)03555-L","article-title":"The D2 receptor: blocked transcription in GH3 cells and cellular pathways employed by D2A to regulate prolactin promoter activity","volume":"111","author":"Fischberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.4.1523","article-title":"\u201cProlactin\u202f: structure, function, and regulation of secretion","volume":"80","author":"Freeman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib14","volume":"vol. 67","author":"Gershengorn","year":"1981"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1543","article-title":"Direct stimulatory effects of oxytocin in female rat gonadotrophs and somatotrophs in vitro: comparison with lactotrophs","volume":"156","author":"Gonzalez-Iglesias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623312444621","article-title":"A review of the incidence and coincidence of uterine and mammary tumors in wistar and sprague-dawley rats based on the RITA database and the role of prolactin","volume":"40","author":"Harleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod67.1.107","article-title":"Differential regulation of pituitary hormone secretion and gene expression by thyrotropin-releasing hormone. A role for mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade in rat pituitary GH3 cells","volume":"67","author":"Kanasaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6145","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607843113","article-title":"Laquinimod arrests experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"113","author":"Kaye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2012-1043","article-title":"Progesterone action in endometrial cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(78)90075-3","article-title":"Results of a two-year chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats","volume":"46","author":"Kociba","year":"1978","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.03.023","article-title":"Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA): possible modes of action of toxicity and carcinogenicity in rodents","volume":"80","author":"Lai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-11-0100","article-title":"Regulation of prolactin secretion during the estrus in rats: possible role of glucocorticoids","volume":"142","author":"L\u00f3pez-Fontana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ12-0093","article-title":"Effects of estradiol and progesterone on prolactin transcriptional activity in somatolactotrophic cells","volume":"59","author":"Mijiddorj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23392","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)54509-9","article-title":"Lack of coupling of D2 receptors to adenylate cyclase in GH3 cells exposed to epidermal growth factor","volume":"266","author":"Missale","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"0027\u20138424","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.9.4240","article-title":"Nerve growth factor in the anterior pituitary: localization in mammotroph cells and cosecretion with prolactin by a dopamine-regulated mechanism","volume":"93","author":"Missale","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.08.026","article-title":"Aryl-hydrocarbon receptor activity modulates prolactin expression in the pituitary","volume":"265","author":"Moran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(91)90067-X","article-title":"Early indicators for carcinogenesis in sex-hormone-sensitive organs","volume":"248","author":"Neumann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(93)90749-S","article-title":"The stimulatory and inhibitory effects of quinpirole hydrochloride, D2-dopamine receptor agonist, on secretion of prolactin as assessed by the reverse hemolytic plaque assay","volume":"53","author":"Niimi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1159\/000125885","article-title":"Bihormonal cells producing gonadotropins and prolactin in a rat pituitary tumor cell line (RC-4B\/C)","volume":"54","author":"Polkowska","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(87)90292-4","article-title":"Effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on hepatic and uterine estrogen receptor levels in rats","volume":"87","author":"Romkes","year":"1987","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(88)90290-6","article-title":"Hypothalamic site of action of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)","volume":"94","author":"Russell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1021\/tx034036r","article-title":"Inhibitory aryl hydrocarbon receptor-estrogen receptor \u03b1 cross-talk and mechanisms of action","volume":"16","author":"Safe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2017.01.012","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as a drug target for cancer chemotherapy","volume":"2","author":"Safe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib34","series-title":"In Vitro Endocrine Modulation within the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovary (HPO) axis by Dioxin like Compounds and Phytoestrogens","author":"Solak","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2015-024","article-title":"Laquinimod safety profile: pooled analyses from the ALLEGRO and BRAVO trials","volume":"19","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. MS Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0005","article-title":"Ion channels and signaling in the pituitary gland","volume":"31","author":"Stojilkovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfi089","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1 in human blood lymphocytes are not suitable as biomarkers of exposure to dioxin-like compounds: polymorphisms and interindividual variation in expression and inducibility","volume":"85","author":"van Duursen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1185\/03007998609111089","article-title":"The safety of bromocriptine in long-term use: a review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Well","year":"1986","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib39","first-page":"287","article-title":"The effects of hypothalamic extracts and TRH on the growth and hormone production of GH3 cells in culture","volume":"3","author":"Yajima","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol. (Copenh)."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgh225","article-title":"Dietary indole-3-carbinol promotes endometrial adenocarcinoma development in rats initiated with N-ethyl-N\u2032 -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, with induction of cytochrome P450s in the liver and consequent modulation of estrogen metabolism","volume":"25","author":"Yoshida","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1293\/tox.2015-0026","article-title":"Predictive modes of action of pesticides in uterine adenocarcinoma development in rats","volume":"28","author":"Yoshida","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq217","article-title":"CH223191 is a ligand-selective antagonist of the Ah (dioxin) receptor","volume":"117","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0303720719302229?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0303720719302229?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T14:08:17Z","timestamp":1759586897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0303720719302229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0303720719302229"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520","relation":{},"ISSN":["0303-7207"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0303-7207","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"GH3 and RC-4BC cell lines are not suitable as in vitro models to study prolactin modulation and AHR responsiveness in rat pituitary","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2019.110520","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110520"}}