{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T23:04:54Z","timestamp":1787699094406,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011039","name":"Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011039","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T18:09:31Z","timestamp":1611252571000},"page":"111168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Antifungal therapy with azoles and the syndrome of acquired mineralocorticoid excess"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"524","author":[{"given":"Katharina R.","family":"Beck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Odermatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)93039-X","article-title":"Hypertension during high-dose ketoconazole treatment: a probable mineralocorticosteroid effect","volume":"2","author":"Aabo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5681","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00973-15","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetic modeling of itraconazole and hydroxyitraconazole for oral SUBA-itraconazole and sporanox capsule formulations in healthy subjects in fed and fasted states","volume":"59","author":"Abuhelwa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8153012","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8153012","article-title":"Posaconazole-induced hypertension masquerading as congenital adrenal hyperplasia in a child with cystic fibrosis","volume":"2020","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2015.1032939","article-title":"Azole antifungals: 35 years of invasive fungal infection management","volume":"13","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2017.1391213","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics of triazole antifungal agents: implications for safety, tolerability and efficacy","volume":"13","author":"Amsden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expet Opin. Drug Metabol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2012-314","article-title":"Repurposing itraconazole as a treatment for advanced prostate cancer: a noncomparative randomized phase II trial in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"18","author":"Antonarakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(02)00304-0","article-title":"Glutamate-115 renders specificity of human 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 for the cofactor NAD+","volume":"201","author":"Arnold","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3037703","article-title":"Cloning of human mineralocorticoid receptor complementary DNA: structural and functional kinship with the glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"237","author":"Arriza","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkt508","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antifungal agents: guidelines from the British Society for Medical Mycology","volume":"69","author":"Ashbee","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2011.146","article-title":"Has the era of individualised medicine arrived for antifungals? A review of antifungal pharmacogenomics","volume":"47","author":"Ashbee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2019.08.003","article-title":"Low-renin hypertension","volume":"48","author":"Athimulam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(87)90511-5","article-title":"Inhibition of testicular 17 alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase but not 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase or 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase by ketoconazole and other imidazole drugs","volume":"28","author":"Ayub","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs388","article-title":"Aldosterone synthase inhibition in humans","volume":"28","author":"Azizi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-004-0046-0","article-title":"Glucocorticoid excess and hypertension","volume":"6","author":"Baid","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T1","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-16-0661","article-title":"30 years OF the mineralocorticoid receptor: evolution of the mineralocorticoid receptor: sequence, structure and function","volume":"234","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00321","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of hypertension in patients with cushing's syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Barbot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.7.1862","article-title":"Enhanced bioavailability of itraconazole in hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin solution versus capsules in healthy volunteers","volume":"42","author":"Barone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Posaconazole-induced hypertension and hypokalemia due to inhibition of the 11beta-hydroxylase enzyme","author":"Barton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib19","author":"Bayer-AG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.01.010","article-title":"Inhibition of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 by the fungicides itraconazole and posaconazole","volume":"130","author":"Beck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105605","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of posaconazole- and itraconazole-induced pseudohyperaldosteronism and assessment of other systemically used azole antifungals","volume":"199","author":"Beck","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104311","article-title":"Drug-induced endocrine blood pressure elevation","volume":"154","author":"Beck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4941","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03252-14","article-title":"Posaconazole concentrations in human tissues after allogeneic stem cell transplantation","volume":"58","author":"Blennow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13228","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules181113228","article-title":"11beta-hydroxyandrostenedione returns to the steroid arena: biosynthesis, metabolism and function","volume":"18","author":"Bloem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171079","article-title":"Novel 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 inhibitors reduce cortisol levels in keratinocytes and improve dermal collagen content in human ex vivo skin after exposure to cortisone and UV","volume":"12","author":"Boudon","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib26","first-page":"17","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid hypertension and hypokalaemia induced by posaconazole","author":"Boughton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Metabol. Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013563","article-title":"Familial glucocorticoid receptor haploinsufficiency by non-sense mediated mRNA decay, adrenal hyperplasia and apparent mineralocorticoid excess","volume":"5","author":"Bouligand","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2016.11.019","article-title":"Antifungals","volume":"133","author":"Campoy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e924","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz315","article-title":"Classic and nonclassic apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome","volume":"105","author":"Carvajal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3628","article-title":"Ketoconazole in Cushing's disease: is it worth a try?","volume":"99","author":"Castinetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13031","article-title":"Evaluation of posaconazole plasma concentrations achieved with the delayed-release tablets in Korean high-risk patients with haematologic malignancy","volume":"63","author":"Chae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0040","article-title":"Generalized glucocorticoid resistance: clinical aspects, molecular mechanisms, and implications of a rare genetic disorder","volume":"93","author":"Charmandari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110565","article-title":"Primary cortisol resistance in man. A glucocorticoid receptor-mediated disease","volume":"69","author":"Chrousos","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv380","article-title":"Phase 3 pharmacokinetics and safety study of a posaconazole tablet formulation in patients at risk for invasive fungal disease","volume":"71","author":"Cornely","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx263","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and safety results from the Phase 3 randomized, open-label, study of intravenous posaconazole in patients at risk of invasive fungal disease","volume":"72","author":"Cornely","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200969030-00009","article-title":"Sertaconazole: a review of its use in the management of superficial mycoses in dermatology and gynaecology","volume":"69","author":"Croxtall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R263","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-1014","article-title":"Therapy of endocrine disease: steroidogenesis enzyme inhibitors in Cushing's syndrome","volume":"172","author":"Daniel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3688","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa366","article-title":"Management of posaconazole-induced pseudohyperaldosteronism","volume":"75","author":"Davis","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.19.6.1073","article-title":"Gynecomastia with ketoconazole","volume":"19","author":"DeFelice","year":"1981","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-016-0255-4","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of posaconazole: an update","volume":"10","author":"Dekkers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Fungal Infect. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-199504000-00005","article-title":"Cloning and stable expression of the human mitochondrial cytochrome P45011B1 cDNA in V79 Chinese hamster cells and their application for testing of potential inhibitors","volume":"5","author":"Denner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ancard.2014.05.007","article-title":"[Itraconazole: a new drug-related cause of hypertension]","volume":"63","author":"Denolle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Cardiol. Angeiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz944","article-title":"Azole-associated pseudohyperaldosteronism: a class effect or azole-specific?","volume":"71","author":"Dipippo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6879","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03777-14","article-title":"Understanding variability in posaconazole exposure using an integrated population pharmacokinetic analysis","volume":"58","author":"Dolton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90742-8","article-title":"Localisation of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase--tissue specific protector of the mineralocorticoid receptor","volume":"2","author":"Edwards","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib46","series-title":"European Medicines Agency - Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP), Assessment Report: Ketoconazole HRA, Procedure No","author":"EMA","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.11.018","article-title":"Accelerated skin wound healing by selective 11beta-Hydroxylase (CYP11B1) inhibitors","volume":"143","author":"Emmerich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1991.tb03516.x","article-title":"The influence of ketoconazole on human adrenal steroidogenesis: incubation studies with tissue slices","volume":"35","author":"Engelhardt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3109\/07435809509030458","article-title":"Human adrenal CYP11B1: localization by in situ-hybridization and functional expression in cell cultures","volume":"21","author":"Erdmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib50","series-title":"Chapter 2, Syndromes of Mineralocorticoid Excess Endocrine Hypertension: Underlying Mechanisms and Therapy, Contemporary Endocrinology","first-page":"33","author":"Eugen Melcescu","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-7-4-409","article-title":"Ketoconazole and other imidazole derivatives as inhibitors of steroidogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Feldman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00046-13","article-title":"Tissue penetration of antifungal agents","volume":"27","author":"Felton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R47","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-17-0035","article-title":"Somatic and inherited mutations in primary aldosteronism","volume":"59","author":"Fernandes-Rosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2009.10.017","article-title":"The role of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in human hypertension","volume":"1802","author":"Ferrari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9202","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1633591100","article-title":"Differential binding of NAD+ and NADH allows the transcriptional corepressor carboxyl-terminal binding protein to serve as a metabolic sensor","volume":"100","author":"Fjeld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18051032","article-title":"Aldosterone and mineralocorticoid receptors-physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"18","author":"Funder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.03.010","article-title":"Apparent mineralocorticoid excess","volume":"165","author":"Funder","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2018.10.006","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism: present and future","volume":"109","author":"Funder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4061","article-title":"The management of primary aldosteronism: case detection, diagnosis, and treatment: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"101","author":"Funder","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2845584","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid action: target tissue specificity is enzyme, not receptor, mediated","volume":"242","author":"Funder","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs022","article-title":"The anabolic androgenic steroid fluoxymesterone inhibits 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2-dependent glucocorticoid inactivation","volume":"126","author":"Furstenberger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00484-19","article-title":"Treatment by posaconazole tablets, compared to posaconazole suspension, does not reduce variability of posaconazole trough concentrations","volume":"63","author":"Gautier-Veyret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5476.119","article-title":"Activating mineralocorticoid receptor mutation in hypertension exacerbated by pregnancy","volume":"289","author":"Geller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/966","article-title":"Mutations in the mineralocorticoid receptor gene cause autosomal dominant pseudohypoaldosteronism type I","volume":"19","author":"Geller","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.32.2.267","article-title":"Identification of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzyme(s) responsible for the glucuronidation of posaconazole (Noxafil)","volume":"32","author":"Ghosal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6010028","article-title":"Aspiring antifungals: review of current antifungal pipeline developments","volume":"6","author":"Gintjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fungi (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib67","first-page":"105787","article-title":"Characterization of human adrenal cytochrome P450 11B2 products of progesterone and androstenedione oxidation","author":"Glass","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198811033191804","article-title":"An inherited defect in aldosterone biosynthesis caused by a mutation in or near the gene for steroid 11-hydroxylase","volume":"319","author":"Globerman","year":"1988","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)93003-1","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid hypertension","volume":"344","author":"Gordon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(90)90339-F","article-title":"Itraconazole treatment of coccidioidomycosis. NAIAD mycoses study group","volume":"89","author":"Graybill","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e3283469444","article-title":"Inherited forms of mineralocorticoid hypertension","volume":"18","author":"Hassan-Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00194a023","article-title":"Antimycotic imidazoles. part 4. Synthesis and antifungal activity of ketoconazole, a new potent orally active broad-spectrum antifungal agent","volume":"22","author":"Heeres","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2005.01.010","article-title":"Adverse effects of topical glucocorticosteroids","volume":"54","author":"Hengge","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2016.03.027","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and systemic monitoring of posaconazole in humans after fasted and fed state administration of a solid dispersion","volume":"105","author":"Hens","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib75","series-title":"Itraconazole Induced Hypertension and Hypokalemia: Mechanistic Evaluation","first-page":"337","volume":"61","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.10.2224","article-title":"Discrepancies in bioassay and chromatography determinations explained by metabolism of itraconazole to hydroxyitraconazole: studies of interpatient variations in concentrations","volume":"37","author":"Hostetler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e31823cdeac","article-title":"Posaconazole: the case for therapeutic drug monitoring","volume":"34","author":"Howard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.104.000315","article-title":"Role of itraconazole metabolites in CYP3A4 inhibition","volume":"32","author":"Isoherranen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib79","author":"Janssen-Cilag-AG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib80","author":"Janssen-Cilag-AG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib81","author":"Janssen-Cilag-AG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib82","author":"Janssen-Cilag-AG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2019.1671971","article-title":"Therapeutic drug monitoring of systemic antifungal agents: a pragmatic approach for adult and pediatric patients","volume":"15","author":"John","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expet Opin. Drug Metabol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S175","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa394","article-title":"Core recommendations for antifungal stewardship: a statement of the mycoses study group education and research consortium","volume":"222","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)09979-1","article-title":"Binding of warfarin, salicylate, and diazepam to genetic variants of human serum albumin with known mutations","volume":"37","author":"Kragh-Hansen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01544-10","article-title":"Failure of posaconazole therapy in a renal transplant patient with invasive aspergillosis due to Aspergillus fumigatus with attenuated susceptibility to posaconazole","volume":"55","author":"Kuipers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.105.008508","article-title":"Stereochemical aspects of itraconazole metabolism in vitro and in vivo","volume":"34","author":"Kunze","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02130","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02130-17","article-title":"Posaconazole-induced pseudohyperaldosteronism","volume":"62","author":"Kuriakose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)22688-X","article-title":"Differential effects of the imidazole derivatives etomidate, ketoconazole and miconazole and of metyrapone on the secretion of cortisol and its precursors by human adrenocortical cells","volume":"240","author":"Lamberts","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therapeut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2014.01.002","article-title":"Steroid signaling: ligand-binding promiscuity, molecular symmetry, and the need for gating","volume":"82","author":"Lathe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.7.1561","article-title":"Bioassay for serum itraconazole concentrations using hydroxyitraconazole standards","volume":"38","author":"Law","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S212","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-198900076-00102","article-title":"Arterial hypertension as a complication of prolonged ketoconazole treatment","volume":"7","author":"Leal-Cerro","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Hypertens. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib93","first-page":"e92","article-title":"Itraconazole as a noncastrating treatment for biochemically recurrent prostate cancer: a phase 2 study","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3372","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02931-15","article-title":"Inhibitory potential of antifungal drugs on ATP-binding cassette transporters P-glycoprotein, MRP1 to MRP5, BCRP, and BSEP","volume":"60","author":"Lempers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1086\/605499","article-title":"Toxicodynamics of itraconazole: implications for therapeutic drug monitoring","volume":"49","author":"Lestner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.2165\/11319340-000000000-00000","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic\/pharmacodynamic profile of posaconazole","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110903","article-title":"Ketoconazole blocks adrenal steroidogenesis by inhibiting cytochrome P450-dependent enzymes","volume":"71","author":"Loose","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.116.103390","article-title":"Role of multidrug resistance protein 3 in antifungal-induced cholestasis","volume":"90","author":"Mahdi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00019","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00019-17","article-title":"Hypokalemia and hypertension associated with supratherapeutic posaconazole levels","volume":"61","author":"Mahmood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155216673228","article-title":"Failure to achieve therapeutic levels with high-dose posaconazole tablets potentially due to enhanced clearance","volume":"24","author":"Maleki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oncol. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25568","article-title":"Suspected posaconazole toxicity in a pediatric oncology patient","volume":"62","author":"Martino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12948","article-title":"Posaconazole therapeutic drug monitoring in clinical practice and longitudinal analysis of the effect of routine laboratory measurements on posaconazole concentrations","volume":"62","author":"Martson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128X(83)90070-3","article-title":"Imidazole antimycotics: selective inhibitors of steroid aromatization and progesterone hydroxylation","volume":"50","author":"Mason","year":"1987","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(85)90613-6","article-title":"Imidazole antimycotics: inhibitors of steroid aromatase","volume":"34","author":"Mason","year":"1985","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1321851","article-title":"11Beta-hydroxylase deficiency and other syndromes of mineralocorticoid excess as a rare cause of endocrine hypertension","volume":"44","author":"Melcescu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00059-05","article-title":"Human pharmacogenomic variations and their implications for antifungal efficacy","volume":"19","author":"Meletiadis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.02.014","article-title":"Carbonyl reduction of triadimefon by human and rodent 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1","volume":"85","author":"Meyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0013","article-title":"The molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology of human steroidogenesis and its disorders","volume":"32","author":"Miller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912","article-title":"Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries","volume":"134","author":"Mills","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-125-2-1046","article-title":"Licorice inhibits corticosteroid 11 beta-dehydrogenase of rat kidney and liver: in vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"125","author":"Monder","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R101","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0946","article-title":"Genetics IN endocrinology: the expanding genetic horizon of primary aldosteronism","volume":"178","author":"Monticone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13741","article-title":"Diagnostic approach to low-renin hypertension","volume":"89","author":"Monticone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(01)00431-0","article-title":"Primary culture system of adrenocortical cells from dogs to evaluate direct effects of chemicals on steroidogenesis","volume":"165","author":"Morishita","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2011.02158.x","article-title":"Adverse interactions between antifungal azoles and vincristine: review and analysis of cases","volume":"55","author":"Moriyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib116","series-title":"NOXAFIL (Posaconazole) Prescribing Information","author":"MSD-MERCK-SHARP&DOHME-AG","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0895-394","article-title":"Human hypertension caused by mutations in the kidney isozyme of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase","volume":"10","author":"Mune","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-44-5-924","article-title":"Evidence for an unidentified steroid in a child with apparent mineralocorticoid hypertension","volume":"44","author":"New","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz741","article-title":"Posaconazole serum drug levels associated with pseudohyperaldosteronism","volume":"70","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9390-z","article-title":"Skin steroidogenesis in health and disease","volume":"17","author":"Nikolakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib121","article-title":"Impact of the major Candida glabrata triazole resistance determinants on the activity of the novel investigational tetrazoles VT-1598 and VT-1161","volume":"63","author":"Nishimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib122","article-title":"In vitro activities of the novel investigational tetrazoles VT-1161 and VT-1598 compared to the triazole antifungals against azole-resistant strains and clinical isolates of Candida albicans","volume":"63","author":"Nishimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/43.5.723","article-title":"Bioassays for itraconazole blood levels: an interlaboratory collaborative study","volume":"43","author":"Odds","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28484","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M100374200","article-title":"The intracellular localization of the mineralocorticoid receptor is regulated by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2","volume":"276","author":"Odermatt","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13020","article-title":"Antifungal prophylaxis with posaconazole tablet and oral suspension in patients with haematologic malignancy: therapeutic drug monitoring, efficacy and risk factors for the suboptimal level","volume":"63","author":"Oh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/104990910502200212","article-title":"Central nervous system aspergillosis in an immunocompetent patient: cure in a hospice setting with very high-dose itraconazole","volume":"22","author":"Palanisamy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.09.025","article-title":"Posaconazole-induced apparent mineralocorticoid excess","volume":"5","author":"Pandit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ933","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the infectious diseases society of America","volume":"62","author":"Pappas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa119","article-title":"Posaconazole-induced pseudohyperaldosteronism manifesting with nephrotic-range proteinuria","volume":"71","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib130","first-page":"745","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic studies following systemic and topical administration of [14C]bifonazole in man","volume":"33","author":"Patzschke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2016.1128822","article-title":"Dosing of antifungal agents in obese people","volume":"14","author":"Payne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0713-0629","article-title":"Inherited forms of primary hyperaldosteronism: new genes, new phenotypes and proposition of A new classification","volume":"127","author":"Perez-Rivas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30240-0","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of osilodrostat in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease (LINC 3): a multicentre phase III study with a doubleblind, randomised withdrawal phase","volume":"8","author":"Pivonello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1982.00340250097015","article-title":"Ketoconazole blocks testosterone synthesis","volume":"142","author":"Pont","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-97-3-370","article-title":"Ketoconazole blocks adrenal steroid synthesis","volume":"97","author":"Pont","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/21.6.1485","article-title":"Treatment of cerebral Aspergillosis with itraconazole: do high doses improve the prognosis?","volume":"21","author":"Sanchez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00472-06","article-title":"Effects of age, gender, and race\/ethnicity on the pharmacokinetics of posaconazole in healthy volunteers","volume":"51","author":"Sansone-Parsons","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-57-4-732","article-title":"Site of action of low dose ketoconazole on androgen biosynthesis in men","volume":"57","author":"Santen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05579-9","article-title":"Frequency of C3435T polymorphism of MDR1 gene in African people","volume":"358","author":"Schaeffeler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.13028","article-title":"High-dose posaconazole for azole-resistant aspergillosis and other difficult-to-treat mould infections","volume":"63","author":"Schauwvlieghe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.35.4.707","article-title":"High-dose itraconazole in the treatment of severe mycoses","volume":"35","author":"Sharkey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1021\/ml1000068","article-title":"Impact of absolute stereochemistry on the antiangiogenic and antifungal activities of itraconazole","volume":"1","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2483-9","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics of total and unbound concentrations of intravenous posaconazole in adult critically ill patients","volume":"23","author":"Sime","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.02.006","article-title":"Steroidogenesis in the skin: implications for local immune functions","volume":"137","author":"Slominski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12376","article-title":"Cutaneous glucocorticosteroidogenesis: securing local homeostasis and the skin integrity","volume":"23","author":"Slominski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270002042001006","article-title":"Bioavailability study of a 1200 mg miconazole nitrate vaginal ovule in healthy female adults","volume":"42","author":"Stevens","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib147","first-page":"3617","article-title":"11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in Cushing's syndrome: explaining the mineralocorticoid excess state of the ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Stewart","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2012-1287","article-title":"Structural insights into aldosterone synthase substrate specificity and targeted inhibition","volume":"27","author":"Strushkevich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02230","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02230-17","article-title":"The genetic polymorphism UGT1A4*3 is associated with low posaconazole plasma concentrations in hematological malignancy patients receiving the oral suspension","volume":"62","author":"Suh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.1989.tb00111.x","article-title":"Multifaceted interaction of corticosteroids with the intracellular receptors and with membrane GABA receptor complex in the rat brain","volume":"1","author":"Sutanto","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib151","first-page":"e51","article-title":"High-dose itraconazole as a noncastrating therapy for a patient with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer","volume":"12","author":"Suzman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Canc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.674","article-title":"An evaluation of two years of clinical experience with ketoconazole","volume":"2","author":"Symoens","year":"1980","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2402209","article-title":"Successful treatment of Aspergillus spondylodiscitis with high-dose itraconazole in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia","volume":"15","author":"Takagi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx228","article-title":"Risk factors for subtherapeutic levels of posaconazole tablet","volume":"72","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01197","article-title":"Clinical, biochemical, and genetic characteristics of \"nonclassic\" apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome","volume":"104","author":"Tapia-Castillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2020.05.006","article-title":"The many faces of itraconazole cardiac toxicity","volume":"4","author":"Teaford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc. Innov. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2016.06.014","article-title":"Local cortisol\/corticosterone activation in skin physiology and pathology","volume":"84","author":"Terao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025039","article-title":"11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 is a novel regulator of skin homeostasis and a candidate target for promoting tissue repair","volume":"6","author":"Terao","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2019-00189","article-title":"Posaconazole-induced hypertension due to inhibition of 11beta-hydroxylase and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2","volume":"3","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00760","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00760-17","article-title":"In vivo 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition in posaconazole-induced hypertension and hypokalemia","volume":"61","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.3376","article-title":"Gynecomastia and hypertension in a patient treated with posaconazole","volume":"8","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-13-0420","article-title":"Increased glucocorticoid activation during mouse skin wound healing","volume":"221","author":"Tiganescu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64162","article-title":"11beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase blockade prevents age-induced skin structure and function defects","volume":"123","author":"Tiganescu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.257","article-title":"Localization, age- and site-dependent expression, and regulation of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in skin","volume":"131","author":"Tiganescu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib165","series-title":"Tolsura\u00ae (Itraconazole) FDA Prescription Information","author":"Tolsura","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1081\/ERC-200035093","article-title":"Comparative assessment of the inhibition of recombinant human CYP19 (aromatase) by azoles used in agriculture and as drugs for humans","volume":"30","author":"Trosken","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib167","first-page":"963","article-title":"Cortisol inactivation overload: a mechanism of mineralocorticoid hypertension in the ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome","volume":"74","author":"Ulick","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.01.002","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Aspergillus diseases: executive summary of the 2017 ESCMID-ECMM-ERS guideline","volume":"24","author":"Ullmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/9.Supplement_1.S43","article-title":"Itraconazole: pharmacologic studies in animals and humans","volume":"9","author":"Van Cauteren","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1996.tb02973.x","article-title":"Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of a new hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin formulation of itraconazole","volume":"16","author":"Van de Velde","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.1989.tb02293.x","article-title":"Biochemical approaches to selective antifungal activity. Focus on azole antifungals","volume":"32","author":"Vanden Bossche","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib172","first-page":"453","volume":"44","author":"Vermeer","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.23008","article-title":"Three novel heterozygous point mutations of NR3C1 causing glucocorticoid resistance","volume":"37","author":"Vitellius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R15","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0811","article-title":"Genetics IN endocrinology: glucocorticoid resistance syndrome","volume":"182","author":"Vitellius","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-1071","article-title":"Significant prevalence of NR3C1 mutations in incidentally discovered bilateral adrenal hyperplasia: results of the French MUTA-GR Study","volume":"178","author":"Vitellius","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10265","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.188268","article-title":"Cortisol synthesis in epidermis is induced by IL-1 and tissue injury","volume":"286","author":"Vukelic","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(88)90289-0","article-title":"Inhibition of bovine adrenocortical mitochondrial cytochrome P-450(11)beta-mediated reactions by imidazole derivatives and mineralocorticoid analogs","volume":"31","author":"Wada","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7121","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03707-14","article-title":"The clinical candidate VT-1161 is a highly potent inhibitor of Candida albicans CYP51 but fails to bind the human enzyme","volume":"58","author":"Warrilow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz546","article-title":"Implications for IV posaconazole dosing in the era of obesity","volume":"75","author":"Wasmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02605","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02605-17","article-title":"Refractory hypokalemia from syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess on low-dose posaconazole","volume":"62","author":"Wassermann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2014.129","article-title":"Functional gene variants of CYP3A4","volume":"96","author":"Werk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1086\/521259","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"45","author":"Wheat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib183","first-page":"e13","volume":"71","author":"Whelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(92)90309-7","article-title":"Molecular biology of 11beta-hydroxylase and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes","volume":"43","author":"White","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-198907000-00005","article-title":"The hypertensive effect of synthetic glucocorticoids in man: role of sodium and volume","volume":"7","author":"Whitworth","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib186","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and safety of posaconazole delayed-release tablets for invasive fungal infections","volume":"8","author":"Wiederhold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.09.002","article-title":"The antifungal arsenal: alternative drugs and future targets","volume":"51","author":"Wiederhold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01558-13","article-title":"A reference laboratory experience of clinically achievable voriconazole, posaconazole, and itraconazole concentrations within the bloodstream and cerebral spinal fluid","volume":"58","author":"Wiederhold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib189","first-page":"3145","article-title":"Several homozygous mutations in the gene for 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in patients with apparent mineralocorticoid excess","volume":"80","author":"Wilson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib190","first-page":"2263","article-title":"A mutation in the HSD11B2 gene in a family with apparent mineralocorticoid excess","volume":"80","author":"Wilson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2017.06.037","article-title":"Design and optimization of highly-selective, broad spectrum fungal CYP51 inhibitors","volume":"27","author":"Yates","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E11248","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716621115","article-title":"Clinical, genetic, and structural basis of apparent mineralocorticoid excess due to 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency","volume":"114","author":"Yau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-017-0235-8","article-title":"Voriconazole and posaconazole therapeutic drug monitoring: a retrospective study","volume":"16","author":"Yi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.110.067256","article-title":"Itraconazole-induced cholestasis: involvement of the inhibition of bile canalicular phospholipid translocator MDR3\/ABCB4","volume":"79","author":"Yoshikado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2017-00054","article-title":"Screening for endocrine hypertension: an endocrine society scientific statement","volume":"38","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.02.013","article-title":"Subtherapeutic posaconazole troughs despite high-dose posaconazole tablets in a patient with terminal ileum resection","volume":"78","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-51-5-1085","article-title":"Deoxycorticosterone and aldosterone clearance and binding in normal and hypertensive man","volume":"51","author":"Zipser","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0303720721000125?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0303720721000125?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T14:15:22Z","timestamp":1759587322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0303720721000125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":196,"alternative-id":["S0303720721000125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168","relation":{},"ISSN":["0303-7207"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0303-7207","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Antifungal therapy with azoles and the syndrome of acquired mineralocorticoid excess","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111168","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"111168"}}