{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T20:38:25Z","timestamp":1760042305922},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,1]],"date-time":"2005-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1130803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,19]],"date-time":"2005-10-19T17:38:58Z","timestamp":1129743538000},"page":"1079-1105","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Utilizing Diagnostic Investigations in the Poisoned Patient"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"David L.","family":"Eldridge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trey","family":"Dobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher P.","family":"Holstege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1373\/49.3.357","article-title":"National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine practice guidelines: recommendations for the use of laboratory tests to support poisoned patients who present to the emergency department","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"3 Spec No","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.141.3.364","article-title":"Acute and chronic effects of aspirin toxicity and their treatment","volume":"141","author":"Temple","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib3","series-title":"Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies","first-page":"507","article-title":"Salicylates","author":"Flomenbaum","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809603000930","article-title":"Diflunisal cross-reactivity with the Trinder method for salicylate determination","volume":"30","author":"Nordt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/32.1.230","article-title":"Diflunisal interference with determination of salicylate by the Trinder, Abbott TDx, and Du Pont aca methods","volume":"32","author":"Dalrymple","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib6","first-page":"522","article-title":"Inability to interpret toxic salicylate levels in patients taking aspirin and diflunisal","volume":"18","author":"Adelman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1053\/ajem.2000.9277","article-title":"Pseudosalicylate poisoning: falsely elevated salicylate levels in an overdose of diflunisal","volume":"18","author":"Szucs","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(87)90213-7","article-title":"Falsely elevated salicylate levels due to diflunisal overdose","volume":"5","author":"Duffens","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200012000-00018","article-title":"False-high blood salicylate levels in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia","volume":"22","author":"Berkovitch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ther Drug Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.26.5.800","article-title":"Salicylate intoxication: significance of measurements of salicylate in blood in cases of acute ingestion","volume":"26","author":"Done","year":"1960","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198510020-00004","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of the salicylates","volume":"10","author":"Needs","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(89)80057-5","article-title":"Evaluation of the validity of the Done nomogram in the management of acute salicylate intoxication","volume":"18","author":"Dugandzic","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib13","first-page":"699","article-title":"Adult salicylate poisoning: deaths and outcome in patients with high plasma salicylate concentrations","volume":"72","author":"Chapman","year":"1989","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2000.tb00488.x","article-title":"Errors in reporting salicylate levels","volume":"7","author":"Hahn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(84)90129-3","article-title":"Toxicology screening in the emergency department: ethanol, barbiturates, and salicylates","volume":"2","author":"Krenzelok","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib16","first-page":"37","article-title":"The clinical value of screening for salicylates in acute poisoning","volume":"37","author":"Chan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib17","first-page":"278","article-title":"Use of a plasma salicylate assay service in a medical unit in Hong Kong: a follow-up study","volume":"38","author":"Chan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(96)90146-1","article-title":"Acetaminophen and salicylate serum levels in patients with suicidal ingestion or altered mental status","volume":"14","author":"Sporer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.100.5.1391","article-title":"Fever, hyperdynamic shock, and multiple-system organ failure: a pseudo-sepsis syndrome associated with chronic salicylate intoxication","volume":"100","author":"Leatherman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-8180(99)00004-5","article-title":"Anesthesia in a patient with undiagnosed salicylate poisoning presenting as intraabdominal sepsis","volume":"11","author":"Chui","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1972.tb01640.x","article-title":"Salicylate poisoning in the elderly: diagnostic pitfalls","volume":"20","author":"Paul","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-85-6-745","article-title":"Unrecognized adult salicylate intoxication","volume":"85","author":"Anderson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.147.3.510","article-title":"A two-year review of salicylate deaths in Ontario","volume":"147","author":"McGuigan","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.50.10.682","article-title":"Symptomatic salicylate ototoxicity: a useful indicator of serum salicylate concentration?","volume":"50","author":"Halla","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1989.tb05689.x","article-title":"Chronic salicylate intoxication: a common cause of morbidity in the elderly","volume":"37","author":"Bailey","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib26","unstructured":"Baer A, Holstege C, Eldridge D. Serum bicarbonate as a predictor of toxic salicylate levels. Presented at the European Association of Poison Centres and Clinical Toxicologists 25th International Congress. Berlin, Germany, 2005."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib27","series-title":"Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies","first-page":"480","article-title":"Acetaminophen","author":"Bizovi","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198812153192401","article-title":"Efficacy of oral N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose: analysis of the national multicenter study (1976 to 1985)","volume":"319","author":"Smilkstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(89)80925-4","article-title":"Value of rapid screening for acetaminophen in all patients with intentional drug overdose","volume":"18","author":"Ashbourne","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719501400205","article-title":"The clinical value of screening for paracetamol in patients with acute poisoning","volume":"14","author":"Chan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.18.3.178","article-title":"Measuring plasma paracetamol concentrations in all patients with drug overdose or altered consciousness: does it change outcome?","volume":"18","author":"Dargan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.19.5.408","article-title":"Measuring plasma paracetamol concentrations in all patients with drug overdoses: development of a clinical decision rule and clinicians willingness to use it","volume":"19","author":"Hartington","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib33","series-title":"Medical toxicology","first-page":"106","article-title":"Osmolal gap","author":"Suchard","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-9441(94)90015-9","article-title":"The serum osmole gap","volume":"9","author":"Kruse","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.23.10.1085.32751","article-title":"Osmolality and osmolarity: narrowing the terminology gap","volume":"23","author":"Erstad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(96)70271-8","article-title":"Utility of the serum osmol gap in the diagnosis of methanol or ethylene glycol ingestion","volume":"27","author":"Glaser","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X8701500214","article-title":"For calculating osmolality, the simplest formula is the best","volume":"15","author":"Worthley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659309000375","article-title":"Osmol gaps revisited: normal values and limitations","volume":"31","author":"Hoffman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.236.14.1594","article-title":"Gaps\u2014anionic and osmolal","volume":"236","author":"Smithline","year":"1976","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/60.5.695","article-title":"Serum osmolality and its applicability to drug overdose","volume":"60","author":"Glasser","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1999.tb00090.x","article-title":"Osmol gaps in the pediatric population","volume":"6","author":"McQuillen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aabakken L, Johansen KS, Rydningen EB, et al. Osmolal and anion gaps in patients admitted to an emergency medical department. Hum Exp Toxicol 1994;13:131\u20134.","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719401300212"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050966","article-title":"Delayed admission for ethylene glycol poisoning: lack of elevated serum osmol gap","volume":"25","author":"Darchy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(90)90454-4","article-title":"Case report: severe ethylene glycol intoxication with normal osmolal gap\u2014\u201ca chilling thought\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Steinhart","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199706000-00007","article-title":"Diagnostic use of anion and osmolal gaps in pediatric emergency medicine","volume":"13","author":"Chabali","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib46","first-page":"83","article-title":"Anion gap acidosis","volume":"18","author":"Ishihara","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1985.34","article-title":"Disorders associated with an altered anion gap","volume":"27","author":"Gabow","year":"1985","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-120014643","article-title":"Use of ferric chloride to identify salicylate-containing poisons","volume":"40","author":"Hoffman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(95)70082-X","article-title":"Urine Trinder spot test: a rapid salicylate screen for the emergency department","volume":"26","author":"King","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib50","first-page":"364","article-title":"Bedside ferric chloride urine test to rule out salicylate intoxication","volume":"36","author":"Ford","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2000.tb02282.x","article-title":"A comparison of two bedside tests for the detection of salicylates in urine","volume":"7","author":"Weiner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2001.115531","article-title":"Diagnostic use of physicians' detection of urine fluorescence in a simulated ingestion of sodium fluorescein-containing antifreeze","volume":"38","author":"Wallace","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)82472-2","article-title":"Urine fluorescence using a Wood's lamp to detect the antifreeze additive sodium fluorescein: a qualitative adjunctive test in suspected ethylene glycol ingestions","volume":"19","author":"Winter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.1.113","article-title":"Does fluorescent urine indicate antifreeze ingestion by children?","volume":"107","author":"Casavant","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(87)80225-1","article-title":"Impact of drug screening in suspected overdose","volume":"16","author":"Kellermann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(90)90287-A","article-title":"Quantitative serum toxic screening in the management of suspected drug overdose","volume":"8","author":"Mahoney","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.148.9.2077b","article-title":"Toxicologic analysis in patients with drug overdose","volume":"148","author":"Brett","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-200093040-00009","article-title":"Limited utility of routine drug screening in trauma patients","volume":"93","author":"Bast","year":"2000","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.20.1.25","article-title":"Comprehensive drug screening in decision making of patients attending the emergency department for suspected drug overdose","volume":"20","author":"Fabbri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199202000-00021","article-title":"Pre-existing disease in trauma patients: a predictor of fate independent of age and injury severity score","volume":"32","author":"Milzman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1053\/ajem.2001.20003","article-title":"Drug screening versus history in detection of substance use in ED psychiatric patients","volume":"19","author":"Perrone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1995.tb01040.x","article-title":"A preliminary evaluation of five rapid detection kits for on site drugs of abuse screening","volume":"90","author":"George","year":"1995","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1177\/000992287901801008","article-title":"Iron poisoning: assessment of radiography in diagnosis and management","volume":"18","author":"Ng","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(96)70334-7","article-title":"Five days of whole-bowel irrigation in a case of pediatric iron ingestion","volume":"27","author":"Kaczorowski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(89)90245-3","article-title":"Effectiveness of abdominal radiographs in visualizing chewable iron supplements following overdose","volume":"7","author":"Everson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(91)90060-W","article-title":"Use of whole bowel irrigation in an infant following iron overdose","volume":"9","author":"Everson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(93)90099-W","article-title":"Assessment of acute iron poisoning by laboratory and clinical observations","volume":"11","author":"Chyka","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(96)90149-7","article-title":"Leukocytosis, hyperglycemia, vomiting, and positive x-rays are not indicators of severity of iron overdose in adults","volume":"14","author":"Palatnick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(87)80182-8","article-title":"The radiopacity of ingested medications","volume":"16","author":"Savitt","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(92)90189-5","article-title":"Whole bowel irrigation in an acute oral lead intoxication","volume":"10","author":"Roberge","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-100100954","article-title":"Acute elevation of blood lead levels within hours of ingestion of large quantities of lead shot","volume":"38","author":"McKinney","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.152.5.485","article-title":"Management of lead poisoning from ingested fishing sinkers","volume":"152","author":"Mowad","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-200206000-00013","article-title":"Acute pediatric lead poisoning: combined whole bowel irrigation, succimer therapy, and endoscopic removal of ingested lead pellets","volume":"18","author":"Clifton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-003-2091-5","article-title":"Drug smuggling by body packing: what radiologists should know about it","volume":"14","author":"Hergan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1993.tb141338.x","article-title":"Drug smuggling by body packers: detection and removal of internally concealed drugs","volume":"159","author":"McCleave","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13042J","article-title":"Pitfalls in the diagnosis of drug smuggler's abdomen","volume":"36","author":"Karhunen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib77","series-title":"Medical toxicology","first-page":"21","article-title":"Initial diagnosis and treatment of the poisoned patient","author":"Keyes","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(86)90298-6","article-title":"Detectability of drug tablets and capsules by plain radiography","volume":"4","author":"O'Brien","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2004.04.032","article-title":"The electrocardiographic toxidrome: the ECG presentation of hydrofluoric acid ingestion","volume":"23","author":"Holstege","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050714","article-title":"QT-interval prolongation by non-cardiac drugs: lessons to be learned from recent experience","volume":"56","author":"De Ponti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.89.11.1363","article-title":"Drug induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes","volume":"89","author":"Yap","year":"2003","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1067\/mhj.2002.125804","article-title":"Cardiac repolarization: current knowledge, critical gaps, and new approaches to drug development and patient management","volume":"144","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1155\/2002\/482953","article-title":"QT interval prolongation as a biomarker for torsades de pointes and sudden death in drug development","volume":"18","author":"Sides","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1081\/CLT-120016958","article-title":"Toxicologic myocardial sensitization","volume":"40","author":"Nelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"year":"2005","series-title":"ECG in emergency medicine and acute care","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib85"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200225040-00004","article-title":"Safety of non-antiarrhythmic drugs that prolong the QT interval or induce torsade de pointes: an overview","volume":"25","author":"De Ponti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib87","first-page":"1727","article-title":"The long QT syndrome: new diagnostic and therapeutic approach in the era of molecular biology","volume":"126","author":"Priori","year":"1996","journal-title":"Schweiz Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0704(05)70371-7","article-title":"Poisoning by sodium channel blocking agents","volume":"13","author":"Kolecki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(99)90094-3","article-title":"ECG abnormalities in tricyclic antidepressant ingestion","volume":"17","author":"Harrigan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(83)80259-5","article-title":"Left bundle branch block associated with propoxyphene hydrochloride poisoning","volume":"12","author":"Heaney","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00272410","article-title":"Left anterior hemiblock, complete right bundle branch block and sinus tachycardia in maprotiline poisoning","volume":"11","author":"Fernandez-Quero","year":"1985","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(99)90091-8","article-title":"Wide QRS complex tachycardia: ECG differential diagnosis","volume":"17","author":"Brady","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)80897-2","article-title":"Massive diphenhydramine poisoning resulting in a wide-complex tachycardia: successful treatment with sodium bicarbonate","volume":"21","author":"Clark","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2004.03173.x","article-title":"Case of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in diphenhydramine poisoning","volume":"15","author":"Joshi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(89)80566-9","article-title":"Terminal 40-ms frontal plane QRS axis as a marker for tricyclic antidepressant overdose","volume":"18","author":"Wolfe","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199504000-00004","article-title":"Assessment of the terminal 40-millisecond QRS vector in children with a history of tricyclic antidepressant ingestion","volume":"11","author":"Berkovitch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)00634-6","article-title":"Electrocardiographic findings in patients with diphenhydramine overdose","volume":"80","author":"Zareba","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659509000470","article-title":"Propoxyphene-induced wide QRS complex dysrhythmia responsive to sodium bicarbonate\u2014a case report","volume":"33","author":"Stork","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(97)00003-6","article-title":"Cocaine-induced wide complex dysrhythmia","volume":"15","author":"Kerns","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2000.tb01257.x","article-title":"Calcium and digoxin vs. calcium alone for severe verapamil toxicity","volume":"7","author":"Bania","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(00)90027-5","article-title":"Prolonged QT interval and torsades de pointes caused by the combination of fluconazole and amitriptyline","volume":"18","author":"Dorsey","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198401123100207","article-title":"Current concepts: serum osmolality: uses and limitations","volume":"310","author":"Gennari","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-98-4-481","article-title":"The osmolal gap in renal failure","volume":"98","author":"Sklar","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.23.10.1094.32762","article-title":"Propylene glycol-associated renal toxicity from lorazepam infusion","volume":"23","author":"Yaucher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-8-580","article-title":"Increased osmolal gap in alcoholic ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis","volume":"113","author":"Schelling","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib106","series-title":"Medical toxicology","first-page":"43","article-title":"Unexplained acid-base and anion gap disorders","author":"Seifert","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib107","series-title":"Medical toxicology","first-page":"1393","article-title":"Arsenic and arsine gas","author":"Caravati","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib108","series-title":"Medical toxicology","first-page":"1407","article-title":"Bismuth","author":"Caravati","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib109","series-title":"Medical toxicology","first-page":"1437","article-title":"Mercury","author":"Dart","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003_bib110","series-title":"Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies","first-page":"94","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging in toxicology","author":"Schwartz","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Medical Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025712505000684?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025712505000684?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T04:27:58Z","timestamp":1683260878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0025712505000684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025712505000684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2005.07.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7125"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0025-7125"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]}}}