{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:37:22Z","timestamp":1792024642405,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]],"date-time":"2009-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,3]],"date-time":"2009-07-03T09:19:16Z","timestamp":1246612756000},"page":"801-817","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":97,"title":["Ascites: Diagnosis and Management"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun J.","family":"Sanyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000155513.17715.f7","article-title":"Increased hepatic resistance: a new target in the pharmacologic therapy of portal hypertension","volume":"39","author":"Hernandez-Guerra","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra035021","article-title":"Management of cirrhosis and ascites","volume":"350","author":"Gines","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510012064","article-title":"Pathophysiological basis of pharmacotherapy in the hepatorenal syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Moller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080532","article-title":"Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis: a proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis","volume":"8","author":"Schrier","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510230122","article-title":"Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis","volume":"23","author":"Arroyo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.20081","article-title":"Sympathetic nervous system regulation of liver repair","volume":"280","author":"Oben","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80451-9","article-title":"Mechanism of sodium retention and ascites formation in cirrhosis","volume":"17","author":"Arroyo","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50226","article-title":"Renal sodium retention in portal hypertension and hepatorenal reflex: from practice to science","volume":"37","author":"Jimenez-Saenz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20993","article-title":"The hyperdynamic circulation of chronic liver diseases: from the patient to the molecule","volume":"43","author":"Iwakiri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.02.006","article-title":"Vascular endothelial dysfunction in cirrhosis","volume":"46","author":"Iwakiri","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI7458","article-title":"Bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats stimulates eNOS-derived NO production and impairs mesenteric vascular contractility","volume":"104","author":"Wiest","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20632","article-title":"Bacterial translocation (BT) in cirrhosis","volume":"41","author":"Wiest","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.08.001","article-title":"The intestinal flora and bacterial infection in cirrhosis","volume":"45","author":"Riordan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-3-215","article-title":"The serum-ascites albumin gradient is superior to the exudate-transudate concept in the differential diagnosis of ascites","volume":"117","author":"Runyon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20066","article-title":"Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis","volume":"39","author":"Runyon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50315","article-title":"The management of ascites in cirrhosis: report on the consensus conference of the International Ascites Club","volume":"38","author":"Moore","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib17","article-title":"Guidelines on the management of ascites in cirrhosis","volume":"55","author":"Moore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199402033300508","article-title":"Care of patient with ascites","volume":"330","author":"Runyon","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib19","first-page":"525A","article-title":"The left lower quadrant is the best site for paracentesis: an ultrasound evaluation","volume":"36","author":"Sakai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.146.11.2259","article-title":"Paracentesis of ascetic fluid: a safe procedure","volume":"146","author":"Runyon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib21","first-page":"366","article-title":"Hemorrhagic complications of large volume abdominal paracentesis","volume":"92","author":"Webster","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80280-6","article-title":"A prospective study of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"18","author":"Caly","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199308000-00015","article-title":"Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: outcome and predictive factors","volume":"5","author":"Bac","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80201-9","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a consensus document","volume":"32","author":"Rimola","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840030411","article-title":"Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a prospective investigation in predominantly nonalcoholic patients","volume":"3","author":"Pinzello","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040320","article-title":"The management of ascites and hyponatremia in cirrhosis","volume":"28","author":"Gin\u00e8s","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib27","first-page":"260","article-title":"Serum protein concentration and portal pressure determine the ascitic fluid protein concentration in patients with chronic liver disease","volume":"102","author":"Hooefs","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2006.07.004","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of infections in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"21","author":"Ghassemi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50120","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis by use of reagent strip","volume":"37","author":"Castellote","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50178","article-title":"Strips and tubes: refining the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"37","author":"Runyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90372-1","article-title":"Optimization of ascetic fluid culture technique","volume":"95","author":"Runyon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.28.12.2811-2812.1990","article-title":"Bedside inoculation of blood culture bottles is superior to delayed inoculation in the detection of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"28","author":"Runyon","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib33","first-page":"1605","article-title":"Comparison of two ascetic fluid culture methods in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"85","author":"Castellote","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)91300-U","article-title":"The value of an algorithm in differentiating spontaneous from secondary bacterial peritonitis","volume":"98","author":"Akriviadis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)00039-8","article-title":"Ascitic fluid carcinoembryonic antigen and alkaline phosphatase levels for the differentiation of primary from secondary bacterial peritonitis with intestinal perforation","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198704000-00012","article-title":"Amylase levels in ascetic fluid","volume":"9","author":"Runyon","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1159\/000196867","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis with massive ascites","volume":"1","author":"Polak","year":"1968","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)33746-1","article-title":"Chronic pancreatic ascites","volume":"59","author":"Schindler","year":"1970","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib39","first-page":"1351","article-title":"The significance of bloody ascites in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"95","author":"DeSitter","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/37.8.1379","article-title":"Cancer antigen 125 in serum and ascitic fluid of patients with liver diseases","volume":"37","author":"Molina","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01152.x","article-title":"Cancer antigen 125: a sensitive marker of ascites in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"94","author":"Zuckerman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib42","first-page":"253","article-title":"Sensitity of cancer antigen 125 in patients with liver cirrhosis in the presence of ascites","volume":"96","author":"Sari","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080521","article-title":"Ascitic fluid analysis in malignancy-related ascites","volume":"8","author":"Runyon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"140","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510240617","article-title":"Ascitic fluid adenosine deaminase insensitivity in detecting tuberculous peritonitis in the United States","volume":"24","author":"Hillebrand","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib45","first-page":"2172","article-title":"A multicenter, case-controlled study of the clinical presentation and etiology of ascites and of the safety and efficacy of diagnostic abdominal paracentesis in HIV seropositive patients","volume":"89","author":"Cappell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007196","article-title":"Pathogenesis of ascites in cirrhosis","volume":"17","author":"Gines","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6532.1351","article-title":"Diuretic treatment in decompensated cirrhosis and congestive heart failure: effect of posture","volume":"292","author":"Ring-Larsen","year":"1986","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib48","first-page":"479","article-title":"Effect of upright posture and physical exercise on endogenous neurohumoral systems in cirrhotic patients with sodium retention and normal supine plasma renin, aldosterone, and norepinephrine levels","volume":"22","author":"Salo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250606","article-title":"Impairment of renal function during moderate physical exercise in cirrhotic patients with ascites: relationship with the activity of neurohormonal systems","volume":"25","author":"Salo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib50","first-page":"1029","article-title":"The effect of rigid sodium restriction in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and ascites","volume":"34","author":"Eisenmenger","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib51","first-page":"222A","article-title":"Detection of diuretic-resistance or diuretic-sensitivity by the spot urine Na\/K ratio in 729 specimens from cirrhotics with ascites: approximately 90% accuracy as compared to 24-hr urine Na excretion","volume":"36","author":"Stiehm","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib52","first-page":"15","article-title":"Comparison of six treatments of ascites in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"30","author":"Descos","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.27.6.705","article-title":"Salt or no salt in the treatment of cirrhotic ascites: a randomised study","volume":"27","author":"Gauthier","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80447-7","article-title":"Medical treatment of ascites in cirrhosis","volume":"17","author":"Gerbes","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib55","series-title":"Sleisenger and Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease","first-page":"1517","article-title":"Ascites and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","author":"Runyon","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00228-8","article-title":"Indication of liver transplantation in severe alcoholic liver cirrhosis: quantitative evaluation and optimal timing","volume":"36","author":"Veldt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(05)00531-8","article-title":"Contribution of ascites to impaired gastric function and nutritional intake in patients with cirrhosis and ascites","volume":"3","author":"Aqel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0443","article-title":"Nutritional support in patients with chronic liver disease","volume":"3","author":"Henkel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib59","series-title":"Therapy of digestive disorders","first-page":"67","article-title":"Nutrition and malnutrition in liver disease","author":"McCullough","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91801-A","article-title":"Accelerated improvement of alcoholic liver disease with enteral nutrition","volume":"102","author":"Kearns","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90293-A","article-title":"Effect of total enteral nutrition on the short-term outcome of severely malnourished cirrhotics: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"98","author":"Cabr\u00e8","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(83)90198-1","article-title":"Randomized comparative study of efficacy of furosemide vs. spironolactone in nonazotemic cirrhosis with ascites","volume":"84","author":"Perez-Ayuso","year":"1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91730-R","article-title":"Spironolactone pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in patients with cirrhotic ascites","volume":"102","author":"Sungaila","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90616-0","article-title":"Immediate effects of furosemide on renal hemodynamics in chronic liver disease with ascites","volume":"92","author":"Daskalopoulos","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840190113","article-title":"Randomized clinical study of the efficacy of amiloride and potassium canrenoate in nonazotemic cirrhotic patients with ascites","volume":"19","author":"Angeli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib66","series-title":"Contemporary trends in diuretic therapy","first-page":"22","article-title":"Spironolactone metabolism in man revisited","author":"Karim","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90249-0","article-title":"Rapid diuresis in patients with ascites from chronic liver disease: the importance of peripheral edema","volume":"90","author":"Pockros","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198912143212403","article-title":"Peritoneovenous shunting as compared with medical treatment in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and massive ascites","volume":"321","author":"Stanley","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)91007-9","article-title":"Comparison of paracentesis and diuretics in the treatment of cirrhotics with tense ascites: results of a randomized study","volume":"93","author":"Gines","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840070129","article-title":"Hemodynamic effects of a clonidine-induced decrease in sympathetic tone in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"7","author":"Moreau","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-6-446","article-title":"Increased sympathetic nervous activity and the effects of its inhibition with clonidine in alcoholic cirrhosis","volume":"116","author":"Esler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90770-Y","article-title":"Long term sympathetic and hemodynamic responses to clonidine in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"102","author":"Roulot","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib73","first-page":"524","article-title":"Treatment of refractory ascites with clonidine and spironolactone","volume":"21","author":"Lenaerts","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interest of the association clonidine-spironolactone in cirrhotic patients with ascites and activation of sympathetic nervous system","volume":"65","author":"Lenaerts","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21355","article-title":"Effects of clonidine on diuretic response in ascitic patients with cirrhosis and activation of sympathetic nervous system","volume":"44","author":"Lenaerts","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(91)90944-7","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of quinidine in the treatment of cirrhotic patients with muscle cramps","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510230211","article-title":"Cirrhosis and muscle cramps: evidence of a causal relationship","volume":"23","author":"Angeli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib78","first-page":"394","article-title":"Cardiovascular, renal and neurohumoral responses to single large-volume paracentesis in cirrhotic patients with diuretic-resistant ascites","volume":"92","author":"Peltekian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib79","first-page":"371","article-title":"Patient selection is important in studying the impact of large-volume paracentesis on intravascular volume","volume":"92","author":"Runyon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)91303-N","article-title":"Total paracentesis associated with intravenous albumin management of patients with cirrhosis and ascites","volume":"98","author":"Tito","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)92147-6","article-title":"Paracentesis versus diuretics in the treatment of cirrhotics with tense ascites","volume":"16","author":"Quintero","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v113.pm9247479","article-title":"Paracentesis-induced circulatory dysfunction: mechanism and effect on hepatic hemodynamics in cirrhosis","volume":"113","author":"Ruiz-Del-Arbol","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90691-9","article-title":"Randomized comparative study of therapeutic paracentesis with and without intravenous albumin in cirrhosis","volume":"94","author":"Gines","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(96)70068-9","article-title":"Randomized trial comparing albumin, dextran 70, and polygeline in cirrhotic patients with ascites treated by paracentesis","volume":"111","author":"Gines","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v112.pm9041252","article-title":"The mechanism of the initial natriuresis after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt","volume":"112","author":"Wong","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2003.50088","article-title":"The North American Study for the Treatment of Refractory Ascites","volume":"124","author":"Sanyal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1053\/he.2000.5852","article-title":"A model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts","volume":"31","author":"Malinchoc","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.06.005","article-title":"A meta-analysis of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus paracentesis for refractory ascites","volume":"43","author":"Albillos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.02.017","article-title":"Hyponatremia impairs early posttransplantation outcome in patients with cirrhosis undergoing liver transplantation","volume":"130","author":"Londono","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1155\/2004\/769615","article-title":"Bacterial infections in cirrhosis","volume":"18","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90677-D","article-title":"Short-course versus long-course antibiotic treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A randomized controlled study of 100 patients","volume":"100","author":"Runyon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080107","article-title":"Recurrence of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: frequency and predictive factors","volume":"8","author":"Tito","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.06.065","article-title":"Primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis delays hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival in cirrhosis","volume":"133","author":"Fernandez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Medical Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025712509000388?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025712509000388?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T17:20:17Z","timestamp":1739208017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0025712509000388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025712509000388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7125","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}}}