{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T06:29:23Z","timestamp":1778135363443,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,1]],"date-time":"2009-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1246406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,3]],"date-time":"2009-07-03T05:19:16Z","timestamp":1246598356000},"page":"837-853","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Portal Hypertension and Variceal Hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Sass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kapil B.","family":"Chopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198810133191505","article-title":"Prediction of first variceal hemorrhage with cirrhosis of the liver and esophageal varices","volume":"319","author":"North Italian Endoscopic Club for the Study and Treatment of Esophageal Varices","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(81)90144-X","article-title":"The course of patients after variceal hemorrhage","volume":"80","author":"Graham","year":"1981","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3261(05)70176-8","article-title":"Portal hypertension","volume":"5","author":"Garcia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(79)90330-5","article-title":"Wedged and free hepatic venous pressure measured with a balloon catheter","volume":"76","author":"Groszmann","year":"1979","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840050313","article-title":"Portal pressure, presence of gastroesophageal varices and variceal bleeding","volume":"5","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib6","first-page":"1297","article-title":"Hemodynamic evaluation of patients with intrahepatic portal hypertension: relationship between bleeding varices and the portohepatic gradient","volume":"69","author":"Viallet","year":"1975","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040614","article-title":"Hemodynamic factors involved in the development and rupture of esophageal varices: a pathophysiologic approach to treatment","volume":"6","author":"Polio","year":"1986","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70436-6","article-title":"Clinical events after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: correlation with hemodynamic findings","volume":"114","author":"Casado","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)91168-6","article-title":"Hemodynamic events in a prospective randomized trial of propranolol vs placebo in the prevention of the first variceal hemorrhage","volume":"99","author":"Groszmann","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91740-3","article-title":"Relationship between portal pressure response to pharmacotherapy and risk of recurrent variceal hemorrhage in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"346","author":"Feu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)91305-P","article-title":"Gastroesophageal endoscopic features in cirrhosis: observer variability, interassociations, and relationship to hepatic dysfunction","volume":"98","author":"Cales","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa044456","article-title":"Beta blockers to prevent gastroesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"353","author":"Groszmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00420-8","article-title":"Incidence and natural history of small esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients","volume":"38","author":"Merli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib14","first-page":"345","article-title":"First bleeding episode from esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients: a prospective study of endoscopic predictive factors","volume":"27","author":"Colombo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ital J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(92)70470-2","article-title":"A prospective study of the ability of three endoscopic classifications to predict hemorrhage from esophageal varices","volume":"38","author":"Rigo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21907","article-title":"Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrahge in cirrhosis","volume":"46","author":"Garcia-Tsao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80320-7","article-title":"Updating consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno III consensus workshop on definitions, methodology and therapeutic strategies in portal hypertension","volume":"33","author":"de Franchis","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(89)80090-3","article-title":"Endoscopic measurement of variceal pressure in cirrhosis: correlation with portal pressure and variceal hemorrhage","volume":"96","author":"Rigau","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-921189","article-title":"The accuracy of Pillcam ESO capsule endoscopy versus conventional upper endoscopy for the diagnosis of esophageal varices: a prospective three-center pilot study","volume":"38","author":"Eisen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160607","article-title":"Prevalence, classification and natural history of gastric varices: a long-term follow-up study in 568 portal hypertension patients","volume":"16","author":"Sarin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.07094.x","article-title":"Portal hypertensive gastropathy","volume":"97","author":"Thuluvath","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib22","first-page":"533","article-title":"Portal hypertensive gastropathy: reproducibility of a classification, prevalence of elementary lesions, sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of cirrhosis of the liver. A NIEC multicenter study","volume":"29","author":"Carpinelli","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)93125-S","article-title":"Propranolol in the prevention of recurrent bleeding from severe portal hypertensive gastropathy in cirrhosis","volume":"337","author":"Perez-Ayuso","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115062","article-title":"Propranolol ameliorates the development of portal-systemic shunting in a chronic murine schistosomiasis model of portal hypertension","volume":"87","author":"Sarin","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00589.x","article-title":"Prevention of first variceal bleed: an appraisal of current therapies","volume":"93","author":"Shahi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36947","article-title":"Randomized comparison of long-term carvedilol and propranolol administration in the treatment of portal hypertension in cirrhosis","volume":"36","author":"Banares","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1007133","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of portal hypertension: an evidence-based approach","volume":"19","author":"D'Amico","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(04)90208-5","article-title":"Beta-blockers reduce mortality in cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices who have never bled (Cochrane review)","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1997.v112.pm9024301","article-title":"Primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"112","author":"Teran","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50211","article-title":"Propranolol plus placebo vs propranolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate in the prevention of a first variceal bleed: a double-blind RCT","volume":"37","author":"Garcia-Pagan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib31","first-page":"40","article-title":"Isosorbide mononitrate with nadolol compared to nadolol alone for prevention of first bleeding in cirrhosis. A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial","volume":"15","author":"D'Amico","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3109\/00016483909123738","article-title":"New surgical treatment of varicose veins of the esophagus","volume":"27","author":"Crafoord","year":"1939","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol (Stockholm)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840220145","article-title":"The treatment of portal hypertension: a meta-analytic review","volume":"22","author":"D'Amico","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-117-1-59","article-title":"Prevention of first bleeding in cirrhosis. A meta-analysis of RCT's of non-surgical treatment","volume":"117","author":"Pagliaro","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199106203242505","article-title":"Prophylactic sclerotherapy for esophageal varices in men with alcoholic liver disease. A randomized, single-blind, multicenter clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"The VA. Cooperative Variceal Sclerotherapy Group","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00590904","article-title":"Technique and early clinical results of endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL)","volume":"3","author":"Stiegmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.23054","article-title":"A meta-analysis of endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding","volume":"33","author":"Imperiale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199904013401302","article-title":"Comparison of endoscopic ligation and propranolol for the primary prevention of variceal bleeding","volume":"340","author":"Sarin","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02346.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: endoscopic variceal ligation for primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding","volume":"21","author":"Khuroo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.05.009","article-title":"Evolving consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension","volume":"43","author":"de Franchis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.27830","article-title":"Renal failure after upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis: incidence, clinical course, predictive factors and short-term prognosis","volume":"34","author":"Cardenas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90390-2","article-title":"Splanchnic and systemic hemodynamics in portal hypertensive rats during hemorrhage and blood volume resuscitation","volume":"90","author":"Kravetz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07467.x","article-title":"Role of fresh frozen plasma infusion in correction of coagulopathy of chronic liver disease: a dual phase study","volume":"98","author":"Youssef","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J\u00a0Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.07.015","article-title":"Recombinant factor VIIa for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: a randomized, double-blind trial","volume":"127","author":"Bosch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800730916","article-title":"Frequency of infections in cirrhotic patients presenting with acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage","volume":"73","author":"Bleicher","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20126","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis after endoscopic therapy prevents rebleeding in acute variceal hemorrhage: a randomized trial","volume":"39","author":"Hou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290608","article-title":"Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Bernard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80201-9","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a consensus document. International Ascites Club","volume":"32","author":"Rimola","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.07.010","article-title":"Norfloxacin vs ceftriaxone in the prophylaxis of infections in patients with advanced cirrhosis and hemorrhage","volume":"131","author":"Fernandez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840020602","article-title":"Nitroglycerin improves hemodynamic response to vasopressin in portal hypertension","volume":"2","author":"Groszmann","year":"1982","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060314","article-title":"A randomized trial of vasopressin and vasopressin plus nitroglycerin in the control of acute variceal hemorrhage","volume":"6","author":"Gimson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840060313","article-title":"Controlled trial of vasopressin plus nitroglycerin vs vasopressin alone in the treatment of bleeding esophageal varices","volume":"6","author":"Tsai","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840100612","article-title":"Association of transdermal nitroglycerin to vasopressin infusion in the treatment of variceal hemorrhage: a placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Bosch","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01356.x","article-title":"Systematic review: terlipressin in acute esophageal variceal hemorrhage","volume":"17","author":"Ioannou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00206-9","article-title":"Multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing different schedules of somatostatin in the treatment of acute variceal bleeding","volume":"35","author":"Moitinho","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.20892","article-title":"Desensitization to the effects of intravenous octreotide in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension","volume":"120","author":"Escorsell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.31354","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment versus endoscopic plus pharmacologic treatment for acute variceal bleeding: a meta-analysis","volume":"305","author":"Banares","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529409104188","article-title":"Balloon tamponade technique and efficacy in variceal hemorrhage","volume":"207","author":"Avgerinos","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib59","first-page":"641","article-title":"Sclerosants for variceal sclerotherapy; a critical appraisal","volume":"85","author":"Sarin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0323","article-title":"Endoscopic band ligation in the treatment of portal hypertension","volume":"2","author":"Garcia-Pagan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2000.104976","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment of bleeding gastric varices by N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) injection; long-term efficacy and safety","volume":"52","author":"Huang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(88)80016-3","article-title":"Endoscopic sclerotherapy with fibrin glue as compared with polidocanol to prevent early esophageal variceal rebleeding","volume":"28","author":"Zimmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(98)70227-5","article-title":"Emergency endoscopic ligation of actively bleeding varices with a detachable snare","volume":"47","author":"Cipoletta","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(99)70455-5","article-title":"Prognostic value of early measurements of portal pressure in acute variceal bleeding","volume":"117","author":"Moitinho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.11.016","article-title":"Improved clinical outcome using PTFE-coated stents for TIPS: results of a randomized study","volume":"126","author":"Bureau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v111.pm8698192","article-title":"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for patients with active variceal hemorrhage unresponsive to sclerotherapy","volume":"111","author":"Sanyal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.13.6.8290720","article-title":"Complications of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: a comprehensive review","volume":"13","author":"Freedman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199401203300303","article-title":"The transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt procedure for variceal bleeding","volume":"330","author":"R\u00f6ssle","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3261(05)70258-0","article-title":"The role of surgery in the treatment of portal hypertension","volume":"1","author":"Iannitti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clinics in Liver Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-196709000-00011","article-title":"Selective transplenic decompression of gastroesophageal varices by distal splenorenal shunt","volume":"166","author":"Warren","year":"1967","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840010211","article-title":"Distal splenorenal shunt vs. portal-systemic shunt; current status of a controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Conn","year":"1981","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198506000-00007","article-title":"The Emory prospective randomized trial: selective versus nonselective shunt to control variceal bleeding: ten year follow-up","volume":"201","author":"Millikan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.02.008","article-title":"Distal spelorenal shunt versus transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for variceal bleeding: a randomized trial","volume":"130","author":"Henderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12778-X","article-title":"Prevention of variceal bleeding","volume":"361","author":"Bosch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840070306","article-title":"Propranolol for prevention of recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis. A prospective study of factors associated with rebleeding","volume":"7","author":"Poynard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.8106","article-title":"Isosorbide mononitrate and propranolol compared with propranolol alone for the prevention of variceal rebleeding","volume":"31","author":"Gournay","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-4-199508150-00007","article-title":"Endoscopic ligation compared with sclerotherapy for treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding. A meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Laine","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.16236","article-title":"Endscopic variceal ligation plus nadolol and sucralfate compared with ligation alone for the prevention of variceal rebleeding: a prospective, randomized trial","volume":"32","author":"Lo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.212.2.r99au46411","article-title":"TIPS for the prevention of recurrent bleeding in patients with cirrhosis: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"212","author":"Luca","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"}],"container-title":["Medical Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002571250900039X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002571250900039X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,21]],"date-time":"2019-05-21T02:13:05Z","timestamp":1558404785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S002571250900039X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S002571250900039X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2009.03.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7125","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,7]]}}}