{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:29:10Z","timestamp":1790886550893,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T01:31:15Z","timestamp":1576805475000},"page":"279-292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Neck Pain and Lower Back Pain"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Adrian","family":"Popescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haewon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.13805","article-title":"The state of US health, 1990-2010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors","volume":"310","author":"Murray","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.51.3.366","article-title":"Changing profile of joint disorders with age: findings from a postal survey of the population of Calderdale, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom","volume":"51","author":"Badley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199808010-00015","article-title":"The Saskatchewan health and back pain survey. The prevalence of neck pain and related disability in Saskatchewan adults","volume":"23","author":"Cote","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1177\/140349489502300104","article-title":"Social network, social support and the prevalence of neck and low back pain after retirement. A population study of men born in 1914 in Malmo, Sweden","volume":"23","author":"Isacsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scand J Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/27.3.279","article-title":"Population-based study of pain in elderly people: a descriptive survey","volume":"27","author":"Brochet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib6","first-page":"1927","article-title":"Musculoskeletal complaints and associated consequences in elderly Chinese aged 70 years and over","volume":"21","author":"Woo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-004-0864-4","article-title":"The prevalence of neck pain in the world population: a systematic critical review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Fejer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j3221","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3221","article-title":"Advances in the diagnosis and management of neck pain","volume":"358","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1179\/jmt.2008.16.3.155","article-title":"Predictor variables for a positive long-term functional outcome in patients with acute and chronic neck and back pain treated with a McKenzie approach: a secondary analysis","volume":"16","author":"May","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Man Manip Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-709X-20-27","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in neck pain patients undergoing chiropractic care: comparison of acute and chronic patients","volume":"20","author":"Peterson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chiropr Man Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.03.032","article-title":"Natural course of acute neck and low back pain in the general population: the HUNT study","volume":"154","author":"Vasseljen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2008.00456.x","article-title":"Clinical course and prognostic factors in acute neck pain: an inception cohort study in general practice","volume":"9","author":"Vos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.03.021","article-title":"Time-course of occupational psychological and social factors as predictors of new-onset and persistent neck pain: a three-wave prospective study over 4 years","volume":"155","author":"Christensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.15.1841","article-title":"The Canadian C-spine rule for radiography in alert and stable trauma patients","volume":"286","author":"Stiell","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200007133430203","article-title":"Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study Group","volume":"343","author":"Hoffman","year":"2000","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199405001-00005","article-title":"Atlanto-occipital and lateral atlanto-axial joint pain patterns","volume":"19","author":"Dreyfuss","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.2.325","article-title":"Epidemiology of cervical radiculopathy: a population-based study from Rochester, Minnesota, 1976 through 1990","volume":"117","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-0225-6","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of provocative tests of the neck for diagnosing cervical radiculopathy","volume":"16","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib19","first-page":"343","article-title":"Medial branch blocks are specific for the diagnosis of cervical zygapophyseal joint pain","volume":"18","author":"Barnsley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Reg Anesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90189-V","article-title":"Comparative local anaesthetic blocks in the diagnosis of cervical zygapophysial joint pain","volume":"55","author":"Barnsley","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000261409.45251.a2","article-title":"Utility of flexion-extension radiographs in evaluating the degenerative cervical spine","volume":"32","author":"White","year":"2007","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.80B1.0800019","article-title":"MRI of cervical intervertebral discs in asymptomatic subjects","volume":"80","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00599196","article-title":"Age-related MRI changes at 0.1\u00a0T in cervical discs in asymptomatic subjects","volume":"36","author":"Lehto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200102000-00002","article-title":"Identification of cervical radiculopathies: optimizing the electromyographic screen","volume":"80","author":"Dillingham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b3883","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3883","article-title":"Cervical collar or physiotherapy versus wait and see policy for recent onset cervical radiculopathy: randomised trial","volume":"339","author":"Kuijper","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1080\/16501970213233","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized clinical trial comparing general exercise, McKenzie treatment and a control group in patients with neck pain","volume":"34","author":"Kjellman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31828441fb","article-title":"The effectiveness of conservative treatment for patients with cervical radiculopathy: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Thoomes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613279","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/613279","article-title":"Massage therapy for neck and shoulder pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2013","author":"Kong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib29","article-title":"Massage for mechanical neck disorders","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(03)80067-X","article-title":"Efficacy of a low-dose regimen of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride in acute skeletal muscle spasm: results of two placebo-controlled trials","volume":"25","author":"Borenstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-250","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of diclofenac diethylamine 1.16% gel in acute neck pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"14","author":"Predel","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2008.00526.x","article-title":"Trigger point injections for chronic non-malignant musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Scott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-004-0485-6","article-title":"Comparison of lidocaine injection, botulinum toxin injection, and dry needling to trigger points in myofascial pain syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Kamanli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000224731.06168.df","article-title":"A\u00a0double-blind, controlled study of botulinum toxin A in chronic myofascial pain","volume":"67","author":"Qerama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000409","article-title":"Epidural steroid injections, conservative treatment or combination treatment for cervical radiculopathy: a multi-center, randomized, comparative-effectiveness study","volume":"121","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31829c2ddd","article-title":"Epidural injections for spinal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the \u201ccontrol\u201d injections in randomized controlled trials","volume":"119","author":"Bicket","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib37","first-page":"658","article-title":"The effectiveness and risks of fluoroscopically-guided cervical medial branch thermal radiofrequency neurotomy: a systematic review with comprehensive analysis of the published data","volume":"17","author":"Engel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31829ff095","article-title":"Surgery versus nonsurgical treatment of cervical radiculopathy: a prospective, randomized study comparing surgery plus physiotherapy with physiotherapy alone with a 2-year follow-up","volume":"38","author":"Engquist","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198704000-00013","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of low-back pain and its related medical care in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Deyo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199809010-00012","article-title":"C\u00f4t\u00e9 Saskatchewan health and back pain survey. The prevalence of low back pain and related disability in Saskatchewan adults","volume":"23","author":"Cassidy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34347","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review of the global prevalence of low back pain","volume":"64","author":"Hoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"6928","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6928.577","article-title":"Clinical course and prognostic factors in acute low back pain: an inception cohort study in primary care practice","volume":"308","author":"Coste","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199612150-00023","article-title":"Predicting poor outcomes for back pain seen in primary care using patients' own criteria","volume":"21","author":"Cherkin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"7410","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7410.323","article-title":"Acute low back pain: systematic review of its prognosis","volume":"327","author":"Pengel","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318230ab20","article-title":"The prognosis of acute low back pain in primary care in the United States: a 2-year prospective cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Mehling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a171","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a171","article-title":"Prognosis in patients with recent onset low back pain in Australian primary care: inception cohort study","volume":"337","author":"Henschke","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E178","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31827bf40c","article-title":"The effect of required physiatrist consultation on surgery rates for back pain","volume":"38","author":"Fox","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-7-200210010-00010","article-title":"Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain with emphasis on imaging","volume":"137","author":"Jarvik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2012.00170.x","article-title":"Clinical course of non-specific low back pain: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies set in primary care","volume":"17","author":"Itz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198904000-00018","article-title":"Nonoperative treatment of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc with radiculopathy: an outcome study","volume":"14","author":"Saal","year":"1989","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.11.028","article-title":"Recurrence of radicular pain or back pain after nonsurgical treatment of symptomatic lumbar disk herniation","volume":"93","author":"Suri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2S","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199612151-00002","article-title":"Natural history and nonoperative treatment of lumbar disc herniation","volume":"21","author":"Saal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S1297-319X(02)00385-8","article-title":"The natural history of lumbar disc herniation and radiculopathy","volume":"69","author":"Benoist","year":"2002","journal-title":"Joint Bone Spine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-160-11-201406030-01006","article-title":"In the clinic. Low back pain","volume":"160","author":"Chou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000146464.23007.2a","article-title":"Does it matter which exercise? A randomized control trial of exercise for low back pain","volume":"29","author":"Long","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520160070046","volume":"272","author":"Lahad","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810083391502","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of physical therapy, chiropractic manipulation, and provision of an educational booklet for the treatment of patients with low back pain","volume":"339","author":"Cherkin","year":"1998","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2014.01.006","article-title":"Discogenic low back pain","volume":"25","author":"Simon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1668-3","article-title":"Cauda equina syndrome: a review of the current clinical and medico-legal position","volume":"20","author":"Gardner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198409000-00005","article-title":"Mechanism of facet load transmission as a hypothesis for low-back pain","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"1984","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.07.024","article-title":"Biomechanics of the spine. Part I: spinal stability","volume":"82","author":"Izzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199405001-00006","article-title":"Clinical features of patients with pain stemming from the lumbar zygapophysial joints: is the lumbar facet syndrome a clinical entity?","volume":"19","author":"Schwarzer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2006.01.004","article-title":"Clinical predictors of screening lumbar zygapophyseal joint blocks: development of clinical prediction rules","volume":"6","author":"Laslett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-010-0942-0","article-title":"Lumbar spondylolysis: a review","volume":"40","author":"Leone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.12.148","article-title":"Sacroiliac joint pain: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Cohen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780380910","article-title":"Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. Diagnostic value of the history and physical examination","volume":"38","author":"Katz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1833","article-title":"Does this older adult with lower extremity pain have the clinical syndrome of lumbar spinal stenosis?","volume":"304","author":"Suri","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.016512","article-title":"The reliability of differentiating neurogenic claudication from vascular claudication based on symptomatic presentation","volume":"56","author":"Nadeau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2010.07.001","article-title":"Diagnostic blocks for chronic pain","volume":"1","author":"Curatolo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1541-4","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review on the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions for chronic non-specific low-back pain","volume":"20","author":"Kuijpers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv505","article-title":"Cardiovascular safety of non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: review and position paper by the working group for Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"37","author":"Schmidt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d3450","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d3450","article-title":"Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: population based case-control study","volume":"343","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000090503.38830.AD","article-title":"Muscle relaxants for nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane collaboration","volume":"28","author":"van Tulder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2804-7","article-title":"Efficacy of duloxetine versus alternative oral therapies: an indirect comparison of randomised clinical trials in chronic low back pain","volume":"22","author":"Cawston","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12000","article-title":"Lumbar medial branch radiofrequency neurotomy in New Zealand","volume":"14","author":"MacVicar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib77","article-title":"The effectiveness of lumbar transforaminal injection of steroid for the treatment of radicular pain: a comprehensive review of the published data","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100402","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100402","article-title":"The effectiveness of Pilates exercise in people with chronic low back pain: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Wells","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31825e1492","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis of yoga for low back pain","volume":"29","author":"Cramer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.7453\/gahmj.2014.043","article-title":"Integrative therapies for low back pain that include complementary and alternative medicine care: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Kizhakkeveettil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob Adv Health Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib81","article-title":"Therapeutic ultrasound for chronic low-back pain","author":"Ebadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-286","article-title":"Osteopathic manipulative treatment for nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Franke","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000044","article-title":"What are patient beliefs and perceptions about exercise for nonspecific chronic low back pain? A systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"30","author":"Slade","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ad7bd6","article-title":"Massage for low back pain: an updated systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Back Review Group","volume":"34","author":"Furlan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000435025.65564.b7","article-title":"Effectiveness of acupuncture for nonspecific chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Lam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib86","article-title":"Muscle energy technique for non-specific low-back pain","author":"Franke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1356-3","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review on the effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine for chronic non-specific low-back pain","volume":"19","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"}],"container-title":["Medical Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025712519301312?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025712519301312?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T01:44:46Z","timestamp":1758419086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0025712519301312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025712519301312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7125","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neck Pain and Lower Back Pain","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Medical Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}