{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T16:08:30Z","timestamp":1790352510434,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T07:29:50Z","timestamp":1617348590000},"page":"455-472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Diabetic and Retinal Vascular Eye Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Hong-Gam","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akbar","family":"Shakoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580701396720","article-title":"Overview of epidemiologic studies of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"14","author":"Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9(th) edition","volume":"157","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1909","article-title":"Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"35","author":"Yau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib5","series-title":"National diabetes statistics Report, 2020","year":"2020"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.03.012","article-title":"Changes in visual impairment prevalence by period of diagnosis of diabetes: the Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"116","author":"Klein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.8.968","article-title":"The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the diabetes control and complications trial","volume":"44","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"7160","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7160.703","article-title":"Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group","volume":"317","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1005073","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy","volume":"366","author":"Antonetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib11","series-title":"Preferred Practice Pattern Guidelines. Diabetic retinopathy","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.10.031","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for developing diabetic retinopathy among youths with type 1 or type 2 diabetes throughout the United States","volume":"124","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib13","first-page":"766","article-title":"Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS report number 9. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group","volume":"98","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001288","article-title":"Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes","volume":"363","author":"Group","year":"2010","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-122-8-199504150-00001","article-title":"The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the development and progression of neuropathy. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group","volume":"122","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.11.010","article-title":"Preliminary report on effects of photocoagulation therapy","volume":"185","author":"Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.3255","article-title":"Five-year outcomes of panretinal photocoagulation vs intravitreous ranibizumab for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"136","author":"Gross","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib18","series-title":"Diabetes Report card 2017","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/00004397-198702740-00006","article-title":"Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report no. 4. The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group","volume":"27","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.4652","article-title":"Diabetes eye screening in urban settings serving minority populations: detection of diabetic retinopathy and other ocular findings using telemedicine","volume":"133","author":"Owsley","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.1","article-title":"Long-term comparative effectiveness of telemedicine in providing diabetic retinopathy screening examinations: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"133","author":"Mansberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.1150","article-title":"Evaluation of diabetic retinal screening and factors for ophthalmology referral in a telemedicine network","volume":"135","author":"Jani","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.6909","article-title":"Estimates of the percentage of US adults with diabetes who could be screened for diabetic retinopathy in primary care settings","volume":"137","author":"Gibson","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.2854","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for diabetic macular edema in the United States","volume":"132","author":"Varma","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.02.022","article-title":"Aflibercept, bevacizumab, or ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: two-year results from a comparative effectiveness randomized clinical trial","volume":"123","author":"Wells","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200605000-00011","article-title":"Diabetic macular edema associated with glitazone use","volume":"26","author":"Ryan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.10.008","article-title":"Quantification of diabetic macular ischemia using optical coherence tomography angiography and its relationship with visual acuity","volume":"124","author":"Samara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100010054020","article-title":"Effects of aspirin on vitreous\/preretinal hemorrhage in patients with diabetes mellitus. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report no. 20","volume":"113","author":"Chew","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1990.01070090060040","article-title":"Early vitrectomy for severe vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy. Four-year results of a randomized trial: Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Report 5","volume":"108","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib30","article-title":"Surgery for proliferative diabetic retinopathy","volume":"vol. 3","author":"Brunner","year":"2018"},{"issue":"7363","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7363.532","article-title":"Nitrous oxide anaesthesia in the presence of intraocular gas can cause irreversible blindness","volume":"325","author":"Yang","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib32","series-title":"Albert & Jakobiec\u2019s principles and practice of ophthalmology","article-title":"Radiation retinopathy","author":"Patel","year":"2008"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2009.11.004","article-title":"Sickle cell disease and the eye: old and new concepts","volume":"55","author":"Elagouz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9559","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60198-6","article-title":"The eye in hypertension","volume":"369","author":"Wong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702053","article-title":"Neurotrophic keratopathy and diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Lockwood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib36","first-page":"1665","article-title":"Laser in-situ keratomileusis in patients with diabetes mellitus: a review of the literature","volume":"6","author":"Simpson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2015.04.007","article-title":"Lens Biology and Biochemistry","volume":"134","author":"Hejtmancik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib38","series-title":"Diabetes and ocular disease: past, present, and future therapies. Ophthalmology monograph 14","year":"2000"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.04.009","article-title":"Isolated third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerve palsies from presumed microvascular versus other causes: a prospective study","volume":"120","author":"Tamhankar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200212000-00011","article-title":"Diabetic papillopathy in type II diabetic patients","volume":"22","author":"Bayraktar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.07.017","article-title":"The prevalence of retinal vein occlusion: pooled data from population studies from the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia","volume":"117","author":"Rogers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000843","article-title":"Retinal Vein Occlusions, from Basics to the Latest Treatment","volume":"36","author":"Ho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71345-5","article-title":"Risk factors for branch retinal vein occlusion. The Eye Disease Case-control Study Group","volume":"116","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1996.01100130537006","article-title":"Risk factors for central retinal vein occlusion. The Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group","volume":"114","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100150488006","article-title":"Natural history and clinical management of central retinal vein occlusion. The Central Vein Occlusion Study Group","volume":"115","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(84)90316-7","article-title":"Argon laser photocoagulation for macular edema in branch vein occlusion. The Branch Vein Occlusion Study Group","volume":"98","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.03.060","article-title":"Therapies for macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology","volume":"124","author":"Ehlers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.10.013","article-title":"Therapies for macular edema associated with central retinal vein occlusion: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology","volume":"122","author":"Yeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib49","series-title":"Preferred Practice\u00ae Pattern Guidelines. Retinal and ophthalmic artery occlusion","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.01.001","article-title":"Retinal and choroidal changes and visual outcome in central retinal artery occlusion: an optical coherence tomography study","volume":"159","author":"Ahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.038","article-title":"Central retinal artery occlusion: visual outcome","volume":"140","author":"Hayreh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2016.30.5.352","article-title":"Incidence and clinical features of neovascularization of the iris following acute central retinal artery occlusion","volume":"30","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(89)32946-0","article-title":"The efficacy of panretinal photocoagulation for neovascularization of the iris after central retinal artery obstruction","volume":"96","author":"Duker","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000024","article-title":"Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"45","author":"Kernan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2014.04.001","article-title":"Ocular vascular occlusive disorders: natural history of visual outcome","volume":"41","author":"Hayreh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"}],"container-title":["Medical Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025712521000201?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025712521000201?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T01:45:26Z","timestamp":1758419126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0025712521000201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025712521000201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7125","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Diabetic and Retinal Vascular Eye Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Medical Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.02.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}