{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:09:19Z","timestamp":1792098559246,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]],"date-time":"2021-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635724800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,9]],"date-time":"2021-09-09T08:13:39Z","timestamp":1631175219000},"page":"1065-1080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Primary Hyperaldosteronism"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"105","author":[{"given":"Nadine","family":"El-Asmar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aman","family":"Rajpal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baha M.","family":"Arafah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1295438","article-title":"Prevalence of primary aldosteronism in patient's cohorts and in population-based studies\u2013a review of the current literature","volume":"44","author":"Hannemann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.01.052","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism encountered in primary care practice","volume":"69","author":"Monticone","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0065","article-title":"The unrecognized prevalence of primary aldosteronism: a cross-sectional study","volume":"173","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(99)00051-9","article-title":"Adrenal zonation: clues from 11beta-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase","volume":"151","author":"Rainey","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0840001","article-title":"Cellular and intrarenal control of renin secretion","volume":"84","author":"Sk\u00f8tt","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib6","first-page":"662","article-title":"Molecular genetics of human hypertension: role of angiotensinogen","volume":"18","author":"Corvol","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2005-0004","article-title":"The nongenomic actions of aldosterone","volume":"26","author":"Funder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1998.00124.x","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis of Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes","volume":"54","author":"Kurtz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.12935","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism","volume":"74","author":"Funder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030138","article-title":"Hypertension and the cortisol-cortisone shuttle","volume":"88","author":"Quinkler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12949","article-title":"Liddle syndrome: clinical and genetic profiles","volume":"19","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01613.x","article-title":"Influence of antihypertensive medication on aldosterone and renin concentration in the differential diagnosis of essential hypertension and primary aldosteronism","volume":"57","author":"Seifarth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib13","first-page":"457","article-title":"Effects of nifedipine treatment on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis\u2217","volume":"82","author":"Fiad","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-11-199412010-00010","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperaldosteronism","volume":"121","author":"Blumenfeld","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2918","article-title":"Effect of contraceptives on aldosterone\/renin ratio may vary according to the components of contraceptive, renin assay method, and possibly route of administration","volume":"96","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E340","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1355","article-title":"Are women more at risk of false-positive primary aldosteronism screening and unnecessary suppression testing than men?","volume":"96","author":"Ahmed","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128X(96)00007-4","article-title":"Effects of estrogens and progestogens on the renin-aldosterone system and blood pressure","volume":"61","author":"Oelkers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz148","article-title":"Role of aldosterone and potassium levels in sparing confirmatory tests in primary aldosteronism","volume":"105","author":"Umakoshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/00019616-199707040-00003","article-title":"Primary aldosteronism: update on diagnosis and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Young","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-71-1-60","article-title":"Modulation of tissue responsiveness to angiotensin-II in hyperprolactinemic subjects\u2217","volume":"71","author":"Arafah","year":"1990","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4113","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01394","article-title":"Comparison of seated with recumbent saline suppression testing for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism","volume":"103","author":"Stowasser","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.6.5.717","article-title":"Further evaluation of saline infusion for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism","volume":"6","author":"Holland","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/00365510802483690","article-title":"Re-evaluation of the fludrocortisone test: duration, NaCl supplementation and cut-off limits for aldosterone","volume":"69","author":"Westerdahl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10197","article-title":"Confirmatory tests for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"71","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-004-2308-2","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of CT versus MR in detecting aldosterone-producing adenoma in primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn's syndrome)","volume":"14","author":"Lingam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344099","article-title":"Prevalence of adrenal incidentaloma in a contemporary computerized tomography series","volume":"29","author":"Bovio","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Endocrinol Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4146","article-title":"Accuracy of adrenal imaging and adrenal venous sampling in predicting surgical cure of primary aldosteronism","volume":"99","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2055","article-title":"Roles of clinical criteria, computed tomography scan, and adrenal vein sampling in differential diagnosis of primary aldosteronism subtypes","volume":"93","author":"Mulatero","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2004.06.051","article-title":"Role for adrenal venous sampling in primary aldosteronism","volume":"136","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.141.5.497","article-title":"Primary hyperaldosteronism: effect of adrenal vein sampling on surgical outcome","volume":"141","author":"Nwariaku","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa706","article-title":"Adrenal venous sampling\u2013guided adrenalectomy rates in primary aldosteronism: results of an international cohort (AVSTAT)","volume":"106","author":"Ohno","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30100-0","article-title":"Adrenal vein sampling versus CT scan to determine treatment in primary aldosteronism: an outcome-based randomised diagnostic trial","volume":"4","author":"Dekkers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2020.5011","article-title":"Association of adrenal venous sampling with outcomes in primary aldosteronism for unilateral adenomas","volume":"156","author":"Thiesmeyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.06305","article-title":"Clinical management and outcomes of adrenal hemorrhage following adrenal vein sampling in primary aldosteronism","volume":"67","author":"Monticone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.01.015","article-title":"Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism","volume":"45","author":"Milliez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.197111","article-title":"Observational study mortality in treated primary aldosteronism","volume":"60","author":"Reincke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e185842","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2018.5842","article-title":"Clinical outcomes after unilateral adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism","volume":"154","author":"Vorselaars","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32103","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32103","article-title":"Long term outcome of aldosteronism after target treatments","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10596","article-title":"Adrenalectomy lowers incident atrial fibrillation in primary aldosteronism patients at long term","volume":"71","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2018.2003","article-title":"Incidence of atrial fibrillation and mineralocorticoid receptor activity in patients with medically and surgically treated primary aldosteronism","volume":"3","author":"Hundemer","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Medical Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025712521000936?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025712521000936?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,21]],"date-time":"2025-09-21T01:45:17Z","timestamp":1758419117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0025712521000936"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025712521000936"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7125","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Primary Hyperaldosteronism","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Medical Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.06.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}