{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T17:52:16Z","timestamp":1783360336443,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","theclinics.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T12:43:50Z","timestamp":1770381830000},"page":"445-465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Glycemic Emergencies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Rudiona","family":"Hoxhaj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara C.","family":"Markley Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.2337\/dci24-0032","article-title":"Hyperglycemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report","volume":"47","author":"Umpierrez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.15","article-title":"Diabetic emergencies \u2014 ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia","volume":"12","author":"Umpierrez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0165-1","article-title":"Diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"6","author":"Dhatariya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-9032","article-title":"Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Kitabchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1884","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors may predispose to ketoacidosis","volume":"100","author":"Taylor","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13260","article-title":"Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors as add-on therapy to insulin for type 1 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Yamada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0843","article-title":"Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of SGLT2 inhibition","volume":"38","author":"Peters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib8","series-title":"Endotext [Internet]","article-title":"Diabetic ketoacidosis. 2018","author":"Gosmanov","year":"2000"},{"issue":"7830","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)92478-1","article-title":"Ketotic hyperosmolar coma","volume":"2","author":"Fulop","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06183-8","article-title":"Hyperglycaemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report","volume":"67","author":"Umpierrez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S13476","article-title":"Disturbance of inorganic phosphate metabolism in diabetes mellitus","volume":"3","author":"Ditzel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12001","article-title":"Changes in serum phosphate during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis: predictive significance of severity of acidosis on presentation","volume":"42","author":"Shen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-57-1-177","article-title":"A randomized study of phosphate therapy in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"57","author":"Fisher","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6712a3","article-title":"Trends in diabetic ketoacidosis hospitalizations and In-Hospital mortality - united States, 2000-2014","volume":"67","author":"Benoit","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2021-001901","article-title":"Comparing patient characteristics and outcomes in type 1 versus type 2 diabetes with diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"69","author":"Shaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4034-0","article-title":"Risk of death following admission to a UK hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"59","author":"Gibb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1379","article-title":"Health care utilization and burden of diabetic ketoacidosis in the U.S. over the past decade: a nationwide analysis","volume":"41","author":"Desai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1168","article-title":"Clinical outcomes in patients with isolated or combined diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state","volume":"43","author":"Pasquel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2018-0457","article-title":"Causes and predictors for 30-Day Re-admissions in adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis in the United States","volume":"25","author":"Hurtado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2337\/diaspect.15.1.28","article-title":"Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Umpierrez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30042-5","article-title":"Risk factors and prevention strategies for diabetic ketoacidosis in people with established type 1 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Ehrmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12441","article-title":"Reductions in diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia after structured education in adults with type 1 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Elliott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"Suppl_1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib23","first-page":"S128","article-title":"Glycemic goals and hypoglycemia: standards of care in Diabetes\u20142025","volume":"48","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198409203111202","article-title":"Reduced thirst after water deprivation in healthy elderly men","volume":"311","author":"Phillips","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968231152236","article-title":"Update on measuring ketones","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0621","article-title":"The national clinical care commission report to congress: leveraging federal policies and programs to improve diabetes treatment and reduce complications","volume":"46","author":"Greenlee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib27","first-page":"S11","article-title":"Improving care and promoting health in populations: standards of care in Diabetes-2024","volume":"47","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.43597","article-title":"Association of area-level socioeconomic deprivation with hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic crises in US adults with diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Kurani","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib29","article-title":"The association between medicaid expansion and diabetic ketoacidosis hospitalizations","volume":"14","author":"Tekin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2016.12.011","article-title":"Management of hyperglycemic crises: diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state","volume":"101","author":"Fayfman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04546-w","article-title":"Cognitive behavior therapy for diabetes distress, depression, health anxiety, quality of life and treatment adherence in type-II diabetes mellitus: a randomized control trial","volume":"23","author":"Abbas","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-022-01066-4","article-title":"A mixed-methods approach to understanding a culturally tailored CBT\/MI intervention for African American patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Cornely","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199311000-00004","article-title":"Diagnosis of mixed acid-base disorders in diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"306","author":"Paulson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1583","article-title":"Trends in hospital admission for diabetic ketoacidosis in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in England, 1998-2013","volume":"41","author":"Zhong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib35","first-page":"e53","article-title":"Predictors and trend of ketoacidosis hospitalization rate in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, 2006-2015","volume":"170","author":"Di Giovanni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Ter"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.92a.24089","article-title":"Hyperglycemic crises in adults: a look at the 2024 consensus report","volume":"92","author":"Rodriguez Alvarez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.15","article-title":"Diabetic emergencies - ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state and hypoglycaemia","volume":"12","author":"Umpierrez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib38","first-page":"878","article-title":"The impact of electronic health records and teamwork on diabetes care quality","volume":"21","author":"Graetz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1624","article-title":"Standardizing clinically meaningful outcome measures beyond HbA1c for type 1 diabetes: a consensus report","volume":"40","author":"Agiostratidou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.17.11.1273","article-title":"Structural equation modeling of symptoms, awareness and fear of hypoglycemia, and personality in patients with insulin-treated diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Hepburn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.08.002","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice guideline: developing a diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 update","volume":"28","author":"Blonde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0279","article-title":"Minimizing hypoglycemia in diabetes","volume":"38","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0028","article-title":"Clinical targets for continuous glucose monitoring data interpretation: recommendations from the international consensus on time in range","volume":"42","author":"Battelino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2011.624144","article-title":"Impact of nocturnal hypoglycemic events on diabetes management, sleep quality, and next-day function","volume":"15","author":"Brod","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0354","article-title":"Burden of diabetes on the ability to work: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Breton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01644.x","article-title":"Psychosocial problems and barriers to improved diabetes management: results of the DAWN Study","volume":"22","author":"Peyrot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.4.1176","article-title":"Frequency of severe hypoglycemia requiring emergency treatment in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a population-based study","volume":"26","author":"Leese","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.136","article-title":"National estimates of insulin-related hypoglycemia and errors leading to ED visits and hospitalizations","volume":"174","author":"Geller","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.1824","article-title":"National trends in US hospital admissions for hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia among medicare beneficiaries, 1999-2011","volume":"174","author":"Lipska","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.2337\/dci20-0053","article-title":"Social determinants of health and diabetes: a scientific review","volume":"44","author":"Hill-Briggs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.2337\/dci18-0007","article-title":"Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2017","volume":"41","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000121151.40413.bd","article-title":"Health, absence, disability, and presenteeism cost estimates of certain physical and mental health conditions affecting U.S. employers","volume":"46","author":"Goetzel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"}],"container-title":["Medical Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025712525001750?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025712525001750?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T08:20:14Z","timestamp":1781857214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0025712525001750"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025712525001750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7125","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Glycemic Emergencies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Medical Clinics of North America","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2025.11.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}