{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T12:35:22Z","timestamp":1793968522169,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molecular and Cellular Probes"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:27:06Z","timestamp":1770856026000},"page":"102068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Metformin and oncogenic pathways: Crosstalk between energy sensing and tumor progression"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqiu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4083","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25074083","article-title":"Metformin: a dual-role player in cancer treatment and prevention","volume":"25","author":"Galal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117717","article-title":"Anticancer mechanisms of metformin: a review of the current evidence","volume":"254","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0047","article-title":"Metformin and cancer: solutions to a real-world evidence failure","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib4","first-page":"991","article-title":"Diabetes and cancer II: role of diabetes medications and influence of shared risk factors","volume":"23","author":"Onitilo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13171474","article-title":"Unraveling the mystery of energy-sensing enzymes and signaling pathways in tumorigenesis and their potential as therapeutic targets for cancer","volume":"13","author":"Mirza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41391-024-00871-7","article-title":"Effect of metformin on incidence, recurrence, and mortality in prostate cancer patients: integrating evidence from real-world studies","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15700","article-title":"Current type 2 diabetes guidelines: individualized treatment and how to make the most of metformin","volume":"26","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metabol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2024.101945","article-title":"Metformin as anticancer agent and adjuvant in cancer combination therapy: current progress and future prospect","volume":"44","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib9","first-page":"4885","article-title":"Mechanisms of metformin inhibiting cancer invasion and migration","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmx106","article-title":"Metformin as an anti-cancer agent: actions and mechanisms targeting cancer stem cells","volume":"50","author":"Saini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3673","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S326378","article-title":"Metformin and malignant tumors: not over the hill","author":"Leng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5803","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S257966","article-title":"Metformin induces autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.261","article-title":"Targeting LKB1 in cancer\u2013exposing and exploiting vulnerabilities","volume":"113","author":"Momcilovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S409373","article-title":"Metformin: a review of potential mechanism and therapeutic utility beyond diabetes","author":"Dutta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/app152111576","article-title":"The dual role of metformin: repurposing an antidiabetic drug for cancer therapy","volume":"15","author":"Barbosa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16931","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-05391-w","article-title":"Current status and frontier tracking of clinical trials on Metformin for cancer treatment","volume":"149","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib17","series-title":"The Beneficial Effects of Metformin on Cancer Prevention and Therapy: a Comprehensive Review of Recent Advances","first-page":"3295","author":"Saraei","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.1022739","article-title":"Metformin: activation of 5\u2032 AMP-activated protein kinase and its emerging potential beyond anti-hyperglycemic action","volume":"13","author":"Goel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934618","article-title":"The role of AMPK\/mTOR signaling pathway in anticancer activity of metformin: this paper is dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the founding of Physiologia Bohemoslovaca (currently Physiological Research)","volume":"70","author":"Chomanicova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib20","first-page":"57","article-title":"Metformin in cancer prevention and therapy","volume":"2","author":"Kasznicki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-023-0998-6","article-title":"The development and benefits of metformin in various diseases","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11121834","article-title":"Effects of metformin in heart failure: from pathophysiological rationale to clinical evidence","volume":"11","author":"Salvatore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3892\/wasj.2025.391","article-title":"Deciphering the critical roles of the AMPK\/mTOR signaling pathway in cancer cell metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Alasadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13050302","article-title":"Metformin: from diabetes to Cancer\u2014Unveiling molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies","volume":"13","author":"Amengual-Cladera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15070786","article-title":"Will we unlock the benefit of metformin for patients with lung cancer? Lessons from current evidence and new hypotheses","volume":"15","author":"Barrios-Bernal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70295","article-title":"PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR axis in cancer: from pathogenesis to treatment","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20240007","article-title":"New developments in AMPK and mTORC1 cross-talk","volume":"68","author":"Smiles","year":"2024","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9748","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199748","article-title":"From diabetes to degenerative diseases: the multifaceted action of metformin","volume":"26","author":"Campagnoli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17496","article-title":"Targeting metabolism and AMP-activated kinase with metformin to sensitize non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to cytotoxic therapy: translational biology and rationale for current clinical trials","volume":"8","author":"Troncone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"49","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031799","article-title":"Prognostic value of metformin in cancers: an updated meta-analysis based on 80 cohort studies","volume":"101","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4366","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-1769","article-title":"Metformin, independent of AMPK, induces mTOR inhibition and cell-cycle arrest through REDD1","volume":"71","author":"Ben Sahra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-021-09977-z","article-title":"Metformin: review of epidemiology and mechanisms of action in pancreatic cancer","volume":"40","author":"Eibl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-12-0263","article-title":"Investigating metformin for cancer prevention and treatment: the end of the beginning","volume":"2","author":"Pollak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-022-00108-w","article-title":"Metformin in therapeutic applications in human diseases: its mechanism of action and clinical study","volume":"3","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.718942","article-title":"A critical review of the evidence that metformin is a putative anti-aging drug that enhances healthspan and extends lifespan","volume":"12","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1388253","article-title":"Knowledge mapping of metformin use on cancers: a bibliometric analysis (2013\u20132023)","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9120846","article-title":"Metformin: the answer to cancer in a flower? Current knowledge and future prospects of metformin as an anti-cancer agent in breast cancer","volume":"9","author":"Samuel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713353","article-title":"The impact of metformin on tumor-infiltrated immune cells: preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"24","author":"Abdelmoneim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib39","article-title":"Drug functional remapping: a new promise for tumor immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Dong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib40","article-title":"Metformin combining PD-1 inhibitor enhanced anti-tumor efficacy in STK11 mutant lung cancer through AXIN-1-dependent inhibition of STING ubiquitination","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-021-02012-7","article-title":"Metformin induces Ferroptosis by inhibiting UFMylation of SLC7A11 in breast cancer","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0172-9","article-title":"Metformin suppresses melanoma progression by inhibiting KAT5-mediated SMAD3 acetylation, transcriptional activity and TRIB3 expression","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.04.027","article-title":"Metformin, a first-line drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus, disrupts the MALAT1\/miR-142-3p sponge to decrease invasion and migration in cervical cancer cells","volume":"830","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.187","article-title":"Metformin inhibits growth and enhances radiation response of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through ATM and AMPK","volume":"108","author":"Storozhuk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117276","article-title":"Inhibition of mTORC1\/P70S6K pathway by Metformin synergistically sensitizes Acute Myeloid Leukemia to Ara-C","volume":"243","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-0269","article-title":"AMPK activation by metformin promotes survival of dormant ER+ breast cancer cells","volume":"26","author":"Hampsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1211-2","article-title":"Metformin inhibits metastatic breast cancer progression and improves chemosensitivity by inducing vessel normalization via PDGF-B downregulation","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002773","article-title":"Metformin generates profound alterations in systemic and tumor immunity with associated antitumor effects","volume":"9","author":"Veeramachaneni","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005719","article-title":"Metformin improves cancer immunotherapy by directly rescuing tumor-infiltrating CD8 T lymphocytes from hypoxia-induced immunosuppression","volume":"11","author":"Finisguerra","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002614","article-title":"Metformin reduces PD-L1 on tumor cells and enhances the anti-tumor immune response generated by vaccine immunotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Munoz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.104872","article-title":"Metformin-based nanomedicines for reprogramming tumor immune microenvironment","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib52","series-title":"The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism","first-page":"173","article-title":"Metabolism of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment","author":"Jung","year":"2021"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3881","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2025.26.11.3881","article-title":"Immunometabolism in the tumor microenvironment: dual role in modulating anti-tumor immunity and tumor progression","volume":"26","author":"Marbaniang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. APJCP"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17152466","article-title":"Metformin beyond diabetes: a precision gerotherapeutic and immunometabolic adjuvant for aging and cancer","volume":"17","author":"Rehman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/PPO.0000000000000103","article-title":"Metformin, an old drug, brings a new era to cancer therapy","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01039","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of metformin for diabetes and cancer treatment","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13020250","article-title":"Action mechanism of metformin and its application in hematological malignancy treatments: a review","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-021-00648-w","article-title":"Targeting of the tumor immune microenvironment by metformin","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J.Cell Commun. Signaling"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2019.1633235","article-title":"Metformin as an archetype immuno-metabolic adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"8","author":"Verdura","year":"2019","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.988295","article-title":"Metabolic reprogramming and crosstalk of cancer-related fibroblasts and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/lci2.71","article-title":"Impact of metformin on clinical outcomes in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"4","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Liver Canc. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib62","first-page":"683","article-title":"Metformin and cancer: an existing drug for cancer prevention and therapy","volume":"15","author":"Zi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61091577","article-title":"Repurposing metformin in precision oncology: mechanistic insights, biomarker-guided strategies, and translational imperatives","volume":"61","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02599-4","article-title":"Efficacy of metformin therapy in patients with cancer: a meta-analysis of 22 randomised controlled trials","volume":"20","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04263-8","article-title":"Metformin and cancer hallmarks: shedding new lights on therapeutic repurposing","volume":"21","author":"Hua","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17030396","article-title":"Metformin and breast cancer: current findings and future perspectives from preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"17","author":"Corleto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3993","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102787","article-title":"Metformin: current clinical applications in nondiabetic patients with cancer","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-007235","article-title":"Phase II trial of nivolumab and metformin in patients with treatment-refractory microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"11","author":"Akce","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8194","article-title":"Repurposing metformin for cancer treatment: current clinical studies","volume":"7","author":"Chae","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02167-1","article-title":"Cancer chemoprevention: signaling pathways and strategic approaches","volume":"10","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Targeted Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38285-w","article-title":"The effect of metformin therapy on incidence and prognosis in prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.07.015","article-title":"Repurposing metformin as therapy for prostate cancer within the STAMPEDE trial platform","volume":"70","author":"Gillessen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.12.004","article-title":"Metformin and prostate cancer: reduced development of castration-resistant disease and prostate cancer mortality","volume":"63","author":"Spratt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0141","article-title":"Metformin use and risk of prostate cancer: results from the REDUCE study","volume":"8","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00565-3","article-title":"Metformin for chemoprevention of metachronous colorectal adenoma or polyps in post-polypectomy patients without diabetes: a multicentre double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised phase 3 trial","volume":"17","author":"Higurashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib76","article-title":"Metformin: a promising candidate for chemoprevention of colorectal tumor and its future","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib77","article-title":"Metformin improves overall survival of colorectal cancer patients with diabetes: a meta\u2010analysis","volume":"2017","author":"Meng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16677-3","article-title":"The effect of metformin on the survival of colorectal cancer patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Tarhini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6040","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136040","article-title":"Metformin in colorectal cancer: epidemiological evidence, predictive biomarkers, and implications for prevention and treatment","volume":"26","author":"Myung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-025-00649-5","article-title":"Are metformin-based combination approaches beneficial for non-small cell lung cancer: evidence from experimental and clinical studies","volume":"12","author":"Thyagarajan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Military Med.Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.889826","article-title":"LKB1: can we target an hidden target? Focus on NSCLC","volume":"12","author":"Ndembe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147113","article-title":"Metformin treatment does not inhibit growth of pancreatic cancer patient-derived xenografts","volume":"11","author":"Lipner","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15692","article-title":"Metformin is associated with survival benefit in pancreatic cancer patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40022-5","article-title":"Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic vulnerability of endocrine therapy and palbociclib resistant metastatic breast cancers","volume":"14","author":"El-Botty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1331355","article-title":"Tumour response to hypoxia: understanding the hypoxic tumour microenvironment to improve treatment outcome in solid tumours","volume":"14","author":"Bigos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02682-8","article-title":"Empowering hypoxia to convert cold tumors into hot tumors for breast cancer immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"issue":"15_Supplement","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2015-1196","article-title":"Enhancement of anti-melanoma effect of BRAF and MEK inhibition by metformin","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5622","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-0420","article-title":"Metformin inhibits prostate cancer progression by targeting tumor-associated inflammatory infiltration","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12060756","article-title":"Metformin induces resistance of cancer cells to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib","volume":"12","author":"Schlesser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112455","article-title":"Empagliflozin adjunct with metformin for the inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma progression: emerging approach for new application","volume":"145","author":"Abdelhamid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/1758834016687482","article-title":"Combination of metformin and curcumin targets breast cancer in mice by angiogenesis inhibition, immune system modulation and induction of p53 independent apoptosis","volume":"9","author":"Falah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2018.1442167","article-title":"Metformin blocks myeloid-derived suppressor cell accumulation through AMPK-DACH1-CXCL1 axis","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109458","article-title":"Metformin inhibits the function of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells in tumor-bearing mice","volume":"120","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3993","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-2243","article-title":"Metformin amplifies chemotherapy-induced AMPK activation and antitumoral growth","volume":"17","author":"Rocha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.06.023","article-title":"Tumor-targeted nano-assemblies for energy-blocking cocktail therapy in cancer","volume":"184","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202500906R","article-title":"Metformin enhances PD\u2010L1 inhibitor efficacy in ovarian cancer by modulating the immune microenvironment and RBMS3 expression","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1417636112","article-title":"Immune-mediated antitumor effect by type 2 diabetes drug, metformin","volume":"112","author":"Eikawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8595","article-title":"Metformin represses bladder cancer progression by inhibiting stem cell repopulation via COX2\/PGE2\/STAT3 axis","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.03.007","article-title":"Combination of hypoglycemia and metformin impairs tumor metabolic plasticity and growth by modulating the PP2A-GSK3\u03b2-MCL-1 axis","volume":"35","author":"Elgendy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7507","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-2994","article-title":"Metformin selectively targets cancer stem cells, and acts together with chemotherapy to block tumor growth and prolong remission","volume":"69","author":"Hirsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29305","article-title":"Metformin decreases IL\u201022 secretion to suppress tumor growth in an orthotopic mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"136","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-023-02933-5","article-title":"Caloric restriction and metformin selectively improved LKB1-mutated NSCLC tumor response to chemo-and chemo-immunotherapy","volume":"43","author":"Ndembe","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.32604\/or.2024.052664","article-title":"Metformin promotes anti-tumor immunity in STK11 mutant NSCLC through AXIN1-dependent upregulation of multiple nucleotide metabolites","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oncol. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.230021","article-title":"Elevated basal AMP-activated protein kinase activity sensitizes colorectal cancer cells to growth inhibition by metformin","volume":"13","author":"Morrison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217694","article-title":"Metformin inhibits the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer by regulating PDE6D induced purine metabolic alternation and cGMP\/PKG pathway activation","volume":"622","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-0471","article-title":"Everolimus, letrozole, and metformin in women with advanced or recurrent endometrioid endometrial cancer: a multi-center, single arm, phase II study","volume":"26","author":"Soliman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib107","article-title":"Prognostic impact of metformin in solid cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: novel evidences from a multicenter retrospective study","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01592-6","article-title":"Metformin and histone deacetylase inhibitor based anti-inflammatory nanoplatform for epithelial-mesenchymal transition suppression and metastatic tumor treatment","volume":"20","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."}],"container-title":["Molecular and Cellular Probes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890850826000083?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890850826000083?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T04:59:21Z","timestamp":1772686761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0890850826000083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["S0890850826000083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-8508"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-8508","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Metformin and oncogenic pathways: Crosstalk between energy sensing and tumor progression","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Molecular and Cellular Probes","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcp.2026.102068","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102068"}}