{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T18:02:21Z","timestamp":1771351341246,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.es","elsevier.es","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medicina Cl\u00ednica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T11:53:58Z","timestamp":1744631638000},"page":"106918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of the efficacy of pharmacological interventions for the prevention of delirium: A systematic review and network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Xiangwu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengguo","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1","article-title":"Delirium in elderly people","volume":"383","author":"Inouye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afaa040","article-title":"The consistent burden in published estimates of delirium occurrence in medical inpatients over four decades: a systematic review and meta-analysis study","volume":"49","author":"Gibb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e077634","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-077634","article-title":"Delirium and incident dementia in hospital patients in New South Wales Australia: retrospective cohort study","volume":"384","author":"Gordon","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1013","article-title":"Delirium in elderly patients and the risk of postdischarge mortality, institutionalization, and dementia: a meta-analysis","volume":"304","author":"Witlox","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1017\/S1478951520001297","article-title":"The prevalence rates and sequelae of delirium at age older than 90 years","volume":"19","author":"Gehrke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Palliat Support Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2273","article-title":"Association of delirium with long-term cognitive decline: a meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Goldberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0555","first-page":"CD005594","article-title":"Antipsychotics for treatment of delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients","volume":"6","author":"Burry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1007\/s40140-021-00476-z","article-title":"Delirium in intensive care","volume":"11","author":"Poulsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Anesthesiol Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06490-3","article-title":"Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to prevent delirium in critically ill patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Burry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0570","first-page":"CD011749","article-title":"Pharmacological interventions for the treatment of delirium in critically ill adults","volume":"9","author":"Burry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-1-41","article-title":"Sample size and power considerations in network meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Thorlund","year":"2012","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","article-title":"The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations","volume":"162","author":"Hutton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.21.2703","article-title":"Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU)","volume":"286","author":"Ely","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0865","article-title":"3D-CAM: derivation and validation of a 3-minute diagnostic interview for CAM-defined delirium: a cross-sectional diagnostic test study","volume":"161","author":"Marcantonio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu021","article-title":"Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people","volume":"43","author":"Bellelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340100909","article-title":"Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool","volume":"27","author":"Bergeron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2004.07.009","article-title":"Fast, systematic, and continuous delirium assessment in hospitalized patients: the nursing delirium screening scale","volume":"29","author":"Gaudreau","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0610","first-page":"ED000142","article-title":"Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","volume":"10","author":"Cumpston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1258\/1357633011936291","article-title":"Factors affecting the use of a telephone-based intervention for caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"7","author":"Mahoney","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Telemed Telecare"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0620","unstructured":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis \u2013 PubMed [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/12111919\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000008343","article-title":"A comparison of dexmedetomidine and propofol on emergence delirium in children undergoing cleft palate surgery with sevoflurane-based anesthesia","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.13230","article-title":"A comparison of single dose dexmedetomidine with propofol for the prevention of emergence delirium after desflurane anaesthesia in children","volume":"71","author":"Makkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.12867","article-title":"A comparison of single-dose dexmedetomidine or propofol on the incidence of emergence delirium in children undergoing general anaesthesia for magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"70","author":"Bong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-023-02367-8","article-title":"A pre-anesthetic bolus of ketamine versus dexmedetomidine for prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing emergency surgery: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study","volume":"23","author":"Ghazaly","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0645","first-page":"836","article-title":"A study of using dexmedetomidine in ventilator bundle treatment in an ICU","volume":"27","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2019.09.016","article-title":"A randomized control trial comparing prophylactic dexmedetomidine versus clonidine on rates and duration of delirium in older adult patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting","volume":"61","author":"Shokri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0655","first-page":"868","article-title":"Atomised intranasal dexmedetomidine versus oral melatonin in prevention of emergence delirium in children undergoing ophthalmic surgery with sevoflurane: a randomised double-blind study","volume":"39","author":"Jangra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(10)70723-4","article-title":"Administration of olanzapine to prevent postoperative delirium in elderly joint-replacement patients: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"51","author":"Larsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjtee.2015.09.007","article-title":"Clinical study of midazolam sequential with dexmedetomidine for agitated patients undergoing weaning to implement light sedation in intensive care unit","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin J Traumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7082597","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7082597","article-title":"Comparison between dexmedetomidine and midazolam for sedation in patients with intubation after oral and maxillofacial surgery","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060515621639","article-title":"Comparison of effects of intravenous midazolam and ketamine on emergence agitation in children: randomized controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v19i1.50","article-title":"Comparison of effects of propofol and ketofol (Ketamine\u2013Propofol mixture) on emergence agitation in children undergoing tonsillectomy","volume":"19","author":"Jalili","year":"2019","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5142913","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5142913","article-title":"Comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric dental patients under general anesthesia: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siripoonyotha S, Sindhvananda W. Comparison of postoperative delirium within 24h between ketamine and propofol infusion during cardiopulmonary bypass machine: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Card Anaesth. 2021;24:34269257.","DOI":"10.4103\/aca.ACA_85_20"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-019-02705-6","article-title":"Comparison of single minimum dose administration of dexmedetomidine and midazolam for prevention of emergence delirium in children: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2023.154343","article-title":"Delirium in ventilated patients receiving fentanyl and morphine for Analgosedation: findings from the ANALGESIC trial","volume":"77","author":"Casamento","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.10.041","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine administration during brain tumour resection for prevention of postoperative delirium: a randomised trial","volume":"130","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.50.3.206","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine and the reduction of postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery","volume":"50","author":"Maldonado","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0715","first-page":"3252","article-title":"Effects of preoperative quetiapine on postoperative delirium and sleep quality in elderly orthopaedic patients","volume":"103","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0720","first-page":"3211","article-title":"Sedative effects of dexmedetomidine in post-operative elder patients on mechanical ventilation","volume":"94","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-021-01325-6","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine decreased the post-thyroidectomy bleeding by reducing cough and emergence agitation \u2013 a randomized, double-blind, controlled study","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2006.01845.x","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine decreases emergence agitation in pediatric patients after sevoflurane anesthesia without surgery","volume":"16","author":"Isik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30580-3","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine for prevention of delirium in elderly patients after non-cardiac surgery: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"388","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S9","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001382","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine for prevention of postoperative delirium in older adults undergoing oesophagectomy with total intravenous anaesthesia: a double-blind, randomised clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30631-0","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine for reduction of atrial fibrillation and delirium after cardiac surgery (DECADE): a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"396","author":"Turan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S196075","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine for the prevention of emergence delirium and postoperative behavioral changes in pediatric patients with sevoflurane anesthesia: a double-blind, randomized trial","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20210696","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine potential in attenuating postoperative delirium in elderly patients after total hip joint replacement","volume":"68","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000951","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine versus propofol sedation reduces delirium after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"Djaiani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.56","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for sedation of critically ill patients: a randomized trial","volume":"301","author":"Riker","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0770","first-page":"7644","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine vs. propofol sedation reduces the duration of mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery \u2013 a randomized controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Preveden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0775","unstructured":"Does dexmedetomidine prevent emergence delirium in children after sevoflurane-based general anesthesia? \u2013 PubMed [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16324031\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0780","unstructured":"Early treatment with risperidone for subsyndromal delirium after on-pump cardiac surgery in the elderly: a randomized trial \u2013 PubMed [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/22436797\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2015.01.011","article-title":"Effect of dexmedetomidine on preventing agitation and delirium after microvascular free flap surgery: a randomized, double-blind, control study","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.0160","article-title":"Effect of haloperidol on survival among critically ill adults with a high risk of delirium: the REDUCE randomized clinical trial","volume":"319","author":"van den Boogaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2023.111068","article-title":"Effect of intraoperative dexmedetomidine on long-term survival in older patients after major noncardiac surgery: 3-year follow-up of a randomized trial","volume":"86","author":"Xing","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2019.11.015","article-title":"Effect of perioperative low-dose dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium after living-donor liver transplantation: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"52","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2007.02376.x","article-title":"Effect of propofol on emergence behavior in children after sevoflurane general anesthesia","volume":"18","author":"Abu-Shahwan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S392569","article-title":"Effect of remimazolam on postoperative delirium in older adult patients undergoing orthopedic surgery: a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02160-7","article-title":"Efficacy of quetiapine for delirium prevention in hospitalized older medical patients: a randomized double-blind controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Thanapluetiwong","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0703500509","article-title":"Efficacy of risperidone for prevention of postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery","volume":"35","author":"Prakanrattana","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0825","first-page":"CR302","article-title":"Emergence agitation in children after propofol versus halothane anesthesia","volume":"15","author":"Hasani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060517699467","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine effect on emergence agitation and delirium in children undergoing laparoscopic hernia repair: a preliminary study","volume":"45","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13397","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine for the reduction of emergence delirium in children undergoing tonsillectomy with propofol anesthesia: a double-blind, randomized study","volume":"28","author":"Tsiotou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02506-z","article-title":"Feasibility of low-dose dexmedetomidine for prevention of postoperative delirium after intracranial operations: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182376e4f","article-title":"Haloperidol prophylaxis decreases delirium incidence in elderly patients after noncardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-014-0859-7","article-title":"Haloperidol prophylaxis does not prevent postoperative delirium in elderly patients: a randomized, open-label prospective trial","volume":"44","author":"Fukata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surg Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53503.x","article-title":"Haloperidol prophylaxis for elderly hip-surgery patients at risk for delirium: a randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"53","author":"Kalisvaart","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R9","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11933","article-title":"Haloperidol prophylaxis in critically ill patients with a high risk for delirium","volume":"17","author":"van den Boogaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0865","unstructured":"Haloperidol prophylaxis for preventing aggravation of postoperative delirium in elderly patients: a randomized, open-label prospective trial \u2013 PubMed [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27830365\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afx124","article-title":"Haloperidol versus placebo for delirium prevention in acutely hospitalized older at risk patients: a multi-centre double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial","volume":"47","author":"Schrijver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0170757","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170757","article-title":"Impact of dexmedetomidine on the incidence of delirium in elderly patients after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-021-01441-3","article-title":"Impact of dexmedetomidine supplemented analgesia on delirium in patients recovering from orthopedic surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171505","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2017.1505","article-title":"Intraoperative infusion of dexmedetomidine for prevention of postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing major elective noncardiac surgery: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"152","author":"Deiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0890","unstructured":"Intraoperative sedation with dexmedetomidine is superior to propofol for elderly patients undergoing hip arthroplasty: a prospective randomized controlled study \u2013 PubMed [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29528863\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0895","unstructured":"Intraoperative use of dexmedetomidine for the prevention of emergence agitation and postoperative delirium in thoracic surgery: a randomized-controlled trial \u2013 PubMed [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30710258\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201710-1995OC","article-title":"Low-dose nocturnal dexmedetomidine prevents ICU delirium: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"197","author":"Skrobik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02175-2","article-title":"Nocturnal dexmedetomidine alleviates post-intensive care syndrome following cardiac surgery: a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12128","article-title":"Pain, fentanyl consumption, and delirium in adolescents after scoliosis surgery: dexmedetomidine vs midazolam","volume":"23","author":"Aydogan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2020.02.035","article-title":"Perioperative dexmedetomidine supplement decreases delirium incidence after adult cardiac surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study","volume":"35","author":"Likhvantsev","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2017.02.047","article-title":"Postoperative delirium in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting according to the anesthetic agent: a retrospective study","volume":"31","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004438","article-title":"Postoperative delirium after dexmedetomidine versus propofol sedation in healthy older adults undergoing orthopedic lower limb surgery with spinal anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"138","author":"Shin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-023-02497-6","article-title":"Postoperative infusion of dexmedetomidine via intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for prevention of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing surgery","volume":"35","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0935","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e3181b6a783","article-title":"Prevalence of delirium with dexmedetomidine compared with morphine-based therapy after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial (DEXmedetomidine COmpared to Morphine-DEXCOM Study)","volume":"111","author":"Shehabi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15640","article-title":"Preventing postoperative delirium after major noncardiac thoracic surgery: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"66","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0945","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04842-1","article-title":"Prevention of post-operative delirium using an overnight infusion of dexmedetomidine in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a pragmatic, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Huet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0950","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001113","article-title":"Preventive effect of dexmedetomidine on postictal delirium after electroconvulsive therapy: a randomized controlled study","volume":"37","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0955","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.10.041","article-title":"Propofol plus low-dose dexmedetomidine infusion and postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing cardiac surgery","volume":"126","author":"Momeni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0960","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2009.03054.x","article-title":"Quality of recovery from two types of general anesthesia for ambulatory dental surgery in children: a double-blind, randomized trial","volume":"19","author":"K\u00f6nig","year":"2009","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2020.02.002","article-title":"Quetiapine for delirium prophylaxis in high-risk critically ill patients","volume":"19","author":"Abraham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0970","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.11354","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of intraoperative dexmedetomidine to prevent delirium in the elderly undergoing major non-cardiac surgery","volume":"107","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-5172.2004.00264.x","article-title":"Recovery characteristics and postoperative delirium after long-duration laparoscope-assisted surgery in elderly patients: propofol-based vs. sevoflurane-based anesthesia","volume":"48","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0980","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S381611","article-title":"Remimazolam for the prevention of emergence delirium in children following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy under sevoflurane anesthesia: a randomized controlled study","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0985","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028017753480","article-title":"Sedative plasma concentrations and delirium risk in critical illness","volume":"52","author":"Stollings","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S441950","article-title":"The effect of ciprofol on postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Des Dev Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib0995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15469","article-title":"The effect of peri-operative dexmedetomidine on the incidence of postoperative delirium in cardiac and non-cardiac surgical patients: a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"76","author":"van Norden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200322","article-title":"The effects of propofol and sevoflurane on postoperative delirium in older patients: a randomized clinical trial study","volume":"76","author":"Mei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib1005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006686","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine infusion versus placebo during light or deep anesthesia on postoperative delirium in older patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery: a pilot randomized factorial trial","volume":"138","author":"Long","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib1010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0162785","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162785","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine injection during strabismus surgery reduces emergence agitation without increasing the oculocardiac reflex in children: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib1015","first-page":"219","article-title":"Prevention of dexmedetomidine on postoperative delirium and early postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing hepatic lobectomy","volume":"47","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib1020","unstructured":"The effect of intranasal dexmedetomidine on emergence delirium prevention in pediatric ambulatory dental rehabilitation under general anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial \u2013 PubMed [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38054181\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib1025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30580-3","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine for prevention of delirium in elderly patients after non-cardiac surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"388","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib1030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31467-8","article-title":"Intraoperative ketamine for prevention of postoperative delirium or pain after major surgery in older adults: an international, multicentre, double-blind, randomised clinical trial","volume":"390","author":"Avidan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib1035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31504-0","article-title":"Ketamine fails to prevent postoperative delirium","volume":"390","author":"Eisenach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918_bib1040","first-page":"3555","article-title":"Perioperative ketamine administration to prevent delirium and neurocognitive disorders after surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"109","author":"Fellous","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Surg"}],"container-title":["Medicina Cl\u00ednica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025775325001125?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0025775325001125?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T16:15:07Z","timestamp":1749226507000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0025775325001125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0025775325001125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918","relation":{},"ISSN":["0025-7753"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0025-7753","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Comparison of the efficacy of pharmacological interventions for the prevention of delirium: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Medicina Cl\u00ednica","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medcli.2025.106918","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Espa\u00f1a, S.L.U.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106918"}}