{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T19:14:40Z","timestamp":1786994080804,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"IOP Publishing","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/publishingsupport.iopscience.iop.org\/iop-standard\/v1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/info\/page\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001409","name":"Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001409","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["iopscience.iop.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Med. Eng. Phys."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2021.05.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T12:26:15Z","timestamp":1622550375000},"page":"100-112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Effect of ageing on microstructure and fracture behavior of cortical bone as determined by experiment and Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM)"],"prefix":"10.1088","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Ram Naresh","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyush","family":"Uniyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Praveer","family":"Sihota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vandana","family":"Dhiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay G.","family":"Goni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daisy","family":"Sahni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay Kumar","family":"Bhadada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7958-8155","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Navin","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"266","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bib0001","first-page":"158","type":"other","article-title":"Toughness and damage susceptibility in human cortical bone is proportional to mechanical inhomogeneity at the osteonal-level","volume":"76","author":"Katsamenis","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib0002","first-page":"637","type":"other","article-title":"The fracture mechanics of fatigue crack propagation in compact bone","volume":"10","author":"Wright","year":"1976"},{"key":"bib0003","first-page":"1209","type":"other","article-title":"Fracture of bone tissue: The \u201chows\u201d and the \u201cwhys","volume":"30","author":"Gupta","year":"2008"},{"key":"bib0004","first-page":"297","type":"other","article-title":"Bone, sweet bone\u2014osteoporotic fractures in diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Hamann","year":"2012"},{"key":"bib0005","first-page":"2581","type":"other","article-title":"Stress fractures in elderly patients","volume":"36","author":"Breer","year":"2012"},{"key":"bib0006","first-page":"265","type":"other","article-title":"Compact Bone Fatigue Damage","author":"Carter","year":"1977"},{"key":"bib0007","first-page":"487","type":"other","article-title":"Predicting stress fractures using a probabilistic model of damage, repair and adaptation","volume":"22","author":"Taylor","year":"2004"},{"key":"bib0008","first-page":"43","type":"other","article-title":"Fracture process in cortical bone: X-FEM analysis of microstructured models","volume":"184","author":"Li","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib0009","first-page":"128","type":"other","article-title":"Micro-scale modelling of bovine cortical bone fracture: Analysis of crack propagation and microstructure using X-FEM","volume":"52","author":"Abdel-Wahab","year":"2012"},{"key":"bib0010","first-page":"345","type":"other","article-title":"A fracture mechanics and mechanistic approach to the failure of cortical bone","volume":"28","author":"Ritchie","year":"2005"},{"key":"bib0011","first-page":"16","type":"other","article-title":"Establishing the relationship between loading parameters and bone adaptation","volume":"56","author":"Tiwari","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib0012","first-page":"616","type":"other","article-title":"Age-related changes in trabecular bone microstructures: Global and local morphometry","volume":"17","author":"Stauber","year":"2006"},{"key":"bib0013","first-page":"25","type":"other","article-title":"On the Mechanistic Origins of Toughness in Bone","volume":"40","author":"Launey","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib0014","first-page":"2748","type":"other","article-title":"Prevalent role of porosity and osteonal area over mineralization heterogeneity in the fracture toughness of human cortical bone","volume":"49","author":"Granke","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib0015","first-page":"25","type":"other","article-title":"Fracture mechanics of bone-The effects of density, specimen thickness and crack velocity on longitudinal fracture","volume":"17","author":"Behiri","year":"1984"},{"key":"bib0016","type":"other"},{"key":"bib0017","first-page":"855","type":"other","article-title":"Research perspectives: The 2013 AAOS\/ORS research symposium on Bone Quality and Fracture Prevention","volume":"32","author":"Donnelly","year":"2014"},{"key":"bib0018","first-page":"672","type":"other","article-title":"The true toughness of human cortical bone measured with realistically short cracks","volume":"7","author":"Koester","year":"2008"},{"key":"bib0019","first-page":"92","type":"other","article-title":"Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone","volume":"20","author":"Rho","year":"1998"},{"key":"bib0020","first-page":"23","type":"other","article-title":"Bioinspired structural materials","volume":"14","author":"Wegst","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib0021","first-page":"57","author":"Advani","year":"1987","type":"other"},{"key":"bib0022","first-page":"453","type":"other","article-title":"The influence of bone morphology on fracture toughness of the human femur and tibia","volume":"21","author":"Yeni","year":"1997"},{"key":"bib0023","first-page":"1290","type":"other","article-title":"Identifying Novel Clinical Surrogates to Assess Human Bone Fracture Toughness","volume":"30","author":"Granke","year":"2015"},{"key":"bib0024","first-page":"315","type":"other","article-title":"Static and time-dependent mechanical response of organic matrix of bone","volume":"91","author":"Saini","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib0025","type":"other"},{"key":"bib0026","first-page":"41","type":"other","article-title":"Orientation and loading condition dependence of fracture toughness in cortical bone","volume":"11","author":"Feng","year":"2000"},{"key":"bib0027","first-page":"863","type":"other","article-title":"Orientation dependence of the fracture mechanics of cortical bone","volume":"22","author":"Behiri","year":"1989 Jan 1"},{"key":"bib0028","first-page":"448","type":"other","article-title":"Analysis of fracture processes in cortical bone tissue","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib0029","first-page":"138","type":"other","article-title":"Tissue-Level Mechanical Properties of Bone Contributing to Fracture Risk","volume":"14","author":"Nyman","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib0030","first-page":"53","type":"other","article-title":"Elastic\u2013plastic fracture toughness and rising JR-curve behavior of cortical bone is partially protected from irradiation\u2013sterilization-induced degradation by ribose protectant","volume":"64","author":"Woodside","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1704460114","type":"other","article-title":"Atypical fracture with long-term bisphosphonate therapy is associated with altered cortical composition and reduced fracture resistance","author":"Lloyd","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib0032","first-page":"763","type":"other","article-title":"Meshless methods: A review and computer implementation aspects","volume":"79","author":"Nguyen","year":"2008"},{"key":"bib0033","first-page":"141","type":"other","article-title":"Multiscale modeling of bone fracture using cohesive finite elements","volume":"103","author":"Ural","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.1966","type":"other","article-title":"An extended finite element library","author":"Bordas","year":"2007"},{"key":"bib0035","first-page":"205","type":"other","article-title":"Minimum energy multiple crack propagation. Part I: Theory and state of the art review","volume":"191","author":"Sutula","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib0036","first-page":"257","type":"other","article-title":"Minimum energy multiple crack propagation. Part III: XFEM computer implementation and applications","volume":"191","author":"Sutula","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2017.07.029","type":"other","article-title":"Minimum energy multiple crack propagation. Part-II: Discrete solution with XFEM","author":"Sutula","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib0038","first-page":"319","type":"other","article-title":"Error-controlled adaptive extended finite element method for 3D linear elastic crack propagation","volume":"318","author":"Jin","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7949(94)90072-8","type":"other","article-title":"Three-dimensional crack growth simulation using BEM","author":"Mi","year":"1994"},{"key":"bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.04.003","type":"other","article-title":"Phase field modelling of crack propagation in functionally graded materials","author":"Hirshikesh","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib0041","first-page":"380","type":"other","article-title":"A FEniCS implementation of the phase field method for quasi-static brittle fracture","volume":"13","author":"Hirshikesh","year":"2019 Apr 4"},{"key":"bib0042","first-page":"284","type":"other","article-title":"Adaptive phase-field modeling of brittle fracture using the scaled boundary finite element method","volume":"355","author":"Hirshikesh","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib0043","type":"other","article-title":"Adaptive phase field method for quasi-static brittle fracture using a recovery based error indicator and quadtree decomposition","volume":"220","author":"Hirshikesh","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2019.02.021","type":"other","article-title":"A quadtree-polygon-based scaled boundary finite element method for image-based mesoscale fracture modelling in concrete","author":"Guo","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib0045","first-page":"905","type":"other","article-title":"A scaled boundary finite element formulation for poroelasticity","volume":"114","author":"Ooi","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2017.10.016","type":"other","article-title":"A review of the scaled boundary finite element method for two-dimensional linear elastic fracture mechanics","author":"Song","year":"2018"},{"key":"bib0047","first-page":"473","type":"other","article-title":"A three-dimensional meshfree method for continuous multiple-crack initiation, propagation and junction in statics and dynamics","volume":"40","author":"Rabczuk","year":"2007"},{"key":"bib0048","article-title":"Three-dimensional crack initiation, propagation, branching and junction in nonlinear materials by an extended meshfree method without asymptotic enrichment","author":"Bordas","year":"2008","type":"other"},{"key":"bib0049","type":"other","article-title":"Effect of parametric uncertainties on fracture behavior of cortical bone using XIGA","volume":"233","author":"Soni","year":"2020"},{"key":"bib0050","first-page":"1391","type":"other","article-title":"On three-dimensional modelling of crack growth using partition of unity methods","volume":"88","author":"Rabczuk","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2156(08)70176-5","type":"other","article-title":"Elastic Solids with Many Cracks and Related Problems","author":"Kachanov","year":"1993"},{"key":"bib0052","first-page":"81","type":"other","article-title":"Interaction of microstructure and microcrack growth in cortical bone: A finite element study","volume":"16","author":"Mischinski","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib0053","first-page":"1021","type":"other","article-title":"The effect of strain rate on fracture toughness of human cortical bone: A finite element study","volume":"4","author":"Ural","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib0054","first-page":"131","type":"other","article-title":"A finite element method for crack growth without remeshing","volume":"46","author":"Mo\u00ebs","year":"1999"},{"key":"bib0055","first-page":"198","type":"other","article-title":"New enrichments in XFEM to model dynamic crack response of 2-D elastic solids","volume":"87","author":"Kumar","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib0056","first-page":"77","type":"other","article-title":"Anisotropic mode-dependent damage of cortical bone using the extended finite element method (XFEM)","volume":"20","author":"Feerick","year":"2013"},{"key":"bib0057","first-page":"e02809","type":"other","article-title":"Cortical bone fracture analysis using XFEM \u2013 case study","volume":"33","author":"Idkaidek","year":"2017"},{"key":"bib0058","first-page":"1247","type":"other","article-title":"Crack propagation in cortical bone is affected by the characteristics of the cement line: a parameter study using an XFEM interface damage model","volume":"18","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib0059","first-page":"940","type":"other","article-title":"Analysis of micro fracture in human Haversian cortical bone under transverse tension using extended physical imaging","volume":"82","author":"Budyn","year":"2010"},{"key":"bib0060","first-page":"579","type":"other","article-title":"Fracture strength assessment and aging signs detection in human cortical bone using an X-FEM multiple scale approach","volume":"42","author":"Budyn","year":"2008"},{"key":"bib0061","type":"other","article-title":"Age-related properties at the microscale affect crack propagation in cortical bone","volume":"95","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib0062","author":"","year":"2018","type":"other"},{"key":"bib0063","first-page":"14416","type":"other","article-title":"Age-related changes in the plasticity and toughness of human cortical bone at multiple length scales","volume":"108","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib0064","first-page":"21","type":"other","article-title":"Elastic properties of osteon and trabecular bone measured by nanoindentation","volume":"31","author":"Rho","year":"1998"},{"key":"bib0065","first-page":"75","type":"other","article-title":"Investigating interindividual variations in cortical bone quality: analysis of the morphotypes of secondary osteons and their population densities in the human femoral diaphysis","volume":"94","author":"Matsuo","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib0066","first-page":"71","type":"other","article-title":"The behaviour of microcracks in compact bone","volume":"42","author":"O'brien","year":"2005 Apr 1"},{"key":"bib0067","type":"other","article-title":"Finite Element Modeling of Microcrack Growth in Cortical Bone","volume":"78","author":"Mischinski","year":"2011"},{"key":"bib0068","first-page":"96","type":"other","article-title":"Effects of damage morphology on cortical bone fragility","volume":"37","author":"Diab","year":"2005"},{"key":"bib0069","first-page":"196","type":"other","article-title":"Mechanical properties of cortical bone and their relationships with age, gender, composition and microindentation properties in the elderly","volume":"93","author":"Mirzaali","year":"2016"},{"key":"bib0070","first-page":"499","type":"other","article-title":"Fracture toughness of human femoral neck: Effect of microstructure, composition, and age","volume":"26","author":"Yeni","year":"2000"},{"key":"bib0071","first-page":"526","type":"other","article-title":"3D analysis of the osteonal and interstitial tissue in human radii cortical bone","volume":"127","author":"Gauthier","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib0072","first-page":"1005","type":"other","article-title":"Elastic modulus and hardness of cortical and trabecular bone lamellae measured by nanoindentation in the human femur","volume":"32","author":"Zysset","year":"1999"},{"key":"bib0073","first-page":"380","type":"other","article-title":"Fracture toughness is dependent on bone location - A study of the femoral neck, femoral shaft, and the tibial shaft","volume":"49","author":"Brown","year":"2000"},{"key":"bib0074","first-page":"5877","type":"other","article-title":"Mixed-mode fracture of human cortical bone","volume":"30","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2009"},{"key":"bib0075","first-page":"85","type":"other","article-title":"Changes in bone matrix properties with aging","volume":"120","author":"Burr","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib0076","first-page":"28","type":"other","article-title":"Identifying elastoplastic parameters with Bayes\u2019 theorem considering output error, input error and model uncertainty","volume":"55","author":"Rappel","year":"2019"},{"key":"bib0077","first-page":"266","type":"other","article-title":"Rate-dependent phase-field damage modeling of rubber and its experimental parameter identification","volume":"127","author":"Loew","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Medical Engineering &amp; Physics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1350453321000643?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1350453321000643?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2021.05.021","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2021.05.021\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2021.05.021\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2021.05.021\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T14:59:42Z","timestamp":1769093982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2021.05.021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2021.05.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1350-4533","1873-4030"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1350-4533","type":"print"},{"value":"1873-4030","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Effect of ageing on microstructure and fracture behavior of cortical bone as determined by experiment and Extended Finite Element Method (XFEM)","name":"article_title","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Medical Engineering & Physics","name":"journal_title","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"paper","name":"article_type","label":"Article Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. All rights, including for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies, are reserved.","name":"copyright_information","label":"Copyright Information"},{"value":"2020-10-07","name":"date_received","label":"Date Received","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2021-05-27","name":"date_accepted","label":"Date Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}},{"value":"2021-06-01","name":"date_epub","label":"Online publication date","group":{"name":"publication_dates","label":"Publication dates"}}]}}