{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T13:30:29Z","timestamp":1793626229390,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Image Analysis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:51:04Z","timestamp":1790095864000},"page":"104323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["PDFormer: A Multimodal Transformer for Quantifying Motor Symptom Severity in Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"115","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9972-8020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yande","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7377-2066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5820-5381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minglun","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3261-3533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b1","series-title":"2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society","first-page":"3680","article-title":"A classification approach to recognize the firing of spinal motoneurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","author":"Abdelaal","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-022-09694-y","article-title":"Novel approach to prognosis Parkinson\u2019s disease with wireless technology using resting tremors","volume":"125","author":"Anbalagan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b3","series-title":"ICASSP 2023-2023 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the role of fricatives in classifying healthy subjects and patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson\u2019s disease","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b4","article-title":"Abnormal EEG spectral power and coherence measures during pre-motor stage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","author":"Bista","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Z., Simon, T., Wei, S.-E., Sheikh, Y., 2017. Realtime multi-person 2d pose estimation using part affinity fields. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 7291\u20137299.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.143"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2022.102698","article-title":"Orthogonal latent space learning with feature weighting and graph learning for multimodal Alzheimer\u2019s disease diagnosis","volume":"84","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-021-00830-0","article-title":"Accelerometer data collected with a minimum set of wearable sensors from subjects with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Daneault","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b8","series-title":"2025 Fourth International Conference on Smart Technologies, Communication and Robotics","first-page":"1","article-title":"EMG signal analysis using improved wigner-ville distribution model and long short-term memory for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis prediction","author":"Deepa","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1330752","article-title":"Effect of deep brain stimulation compared with drug therapy alone on the progression of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b10","series-title":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","first-page":"130","article-title":"Gaitforemer: Self-supervised pre-training of transformers via human motion forecasting for few-shot gait impairment severity estimation","author":"Endo","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b11","series-title":"2020 International Conference on Smart Technology and Applications","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design of wireless electromyography (EMG) monitoring system for muscle activity detection on parkinson disease","author":"Fadhlannisa","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2023.102871","article-title":"Automatic labeling of Parkinson\u2019s Disease gait videos with weak supervision","volume":"89","author":"Gholami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22340","article-title":"Movement disorder society-sponsored revision of the unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results","volume":"23","author":"Goetz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord.: Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2024.103231","article-title":"Interpretable deep clustering survival machines for alzheimer\u2019s disease subtype discovery","volume":"97","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, L., Gao, L., Liu, Z., Feng, W., 2024. Dynamic spatial-temporal aggregation for skeleton-aware sign language recognition. In: Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation. LREC-COLING 2024, pp. 5450\u20135460.","DOI":"10.63317\/2sjtkug9vfy5"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00905-9","article-title":"Using AI to measure Parkinson\u2019s disease severity at home","volume":"6","author":"Islam","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K., Lyu, S., Mantri, S., Dunn, T.W., 2024. TULIP: Multi-Camera 3D Precision Assessment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 22551\u201322562.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02128"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.01.031","article-title":"Prediction of motor unified Parkinson\u2019s disease rating scale scores in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease using surface electromyography","volume":"132","author":"Kleinholdermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kocabas, M., Athanasiou, N., Black, M.J., 2020. Vibe: Video inference for human body pose and shape estimation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 5253\u20135263.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00530"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b20","series-title":"Parkinson annual report 2023","author":"Lehr","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2024.103213","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease diagnosis from multi-modal data via feature inductive learning and dual multilevel graph neural network","volume":"97","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103727","article-title":"Vision-skeleton dual-modality framework for generalizable assessment of Parkinson\u2019s disease gait","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2023.102754","article-title":"Vision-based estimation of MDS-UPDRS scores for quantifying Parkinson\u2019s disease tremor severity","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2023.3271811","article-title":"Temporal decoupling graph convolutional network for skeleton-based gesture recognition","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Multimed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b25","series-title":"International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention","first-page":"637","article-title":"Vision-based estimation of MDS-UPDRS gait scores for assessing Parkinson\u2019s disease motor severity","author":"Lu","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2021.102179","article-title":"Quantifying Parkinson\u2019s disease motor severity under uncertainty using MDS-UPDRS videos","volume":"73","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b27","series-title":"Mediapipe: A framework for building perception pipelines","author":"Lugaresi","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehta, D., Asif, U., Hao, T., Bilal, E., Von Cavallar, S., Harrer, S., Rogers, J., 2021. Towards automated and marker-less Parkinson disease assessment: predicting UPDRS scores using sit-stand videos. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 3841\u20133849.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW53098.2021.00425"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b29","series-title":"What-is-parkinsons: motor-symptoms","author":"Motor-symptoms","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96950-3","article-title":"Voice biomarkers as prognostic indicators for Parkinson\u2019s disease using machine learning techniques","volume":"15","author":"Naeem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b31","series-title":"Dinov2: Learning robust visual features without supervision","author":"Oquab","year":"2023"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6392","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176392","article-title":"Validation of pressure-sensing insoles in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease during overground walking in single and cognitive dual-task conditions","volume":"22","author":"Parati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b33","series-title":"Parkinson Canada 2025","author":"Parkinson-Canada","year":"2025"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22304","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3077949","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease recognition using SPECT image and interpretable AI: A tutorial","volume":"21","author":"Pianpanit","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"issue":"579","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd7865","article-title":"Smartwatch inertial sensors continuously monitor real-world motor fluctuations in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Powers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3934\/Neuroscience.2023017","article-title":"Depletion of dopamine in Parkinson\u2019s disease and relevant therapeutic options: A review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Ramesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"AIMS Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.3390\/s23062877","article-title":"Itex gloves: Design and in-home evaluation of an E-textile glove system for tele-assessment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Ravichandran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b38","article-title":"Artificial intelligence diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease from MRI scans","volume":"16","author":"Reddy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5437","DOI":"10.3390\/s21165437","article-title":"A clinically interpretable computer-vision based method for quantifying gait in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Rupprechter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00728-9","article-title":"Assessment of Parkinsonian gait in older adults with dementia via human pose tracking in video data","volume":"17","author":"Sabo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b41","article-title":"Developing a knowledge-guided federated graph attention learning network with a diffusion module to diagnose Alzheimer\u2019s disease","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2024.103266","article-title":"A causal counterfactual graph neural network for arising-from-chair abnormality detection in parkinsonians","volume":"97","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2023.103032","article-title":"Joint learning framework of cross-modal synthesis and diagnosis for Alzheimer\u2019s disease by mining underlying shared modality information","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01022-x","article-title":"FastEval Parkinsonism: an instant deep learning\u2013assisted video-based online system for Parkinsonian motor symptom evaluation","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66961","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3183232","article-title":"Automatic detection pipeline for accessing the motor severity of Parkinson\u2019s disease in finger tapping and postural stability","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01932-x","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-enabled detection and assessment of Parkinson\u2019s disease using nocturnal breathing signals","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Z., Zeng, A., Yuan, C., Li, Y., 2023. Effective whole-body pose estimation with two-stages distillation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision. pp. 4210\u20134220.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW60793.2023.00455"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2021.3099816","article-title":"Assessment of Parkinson\u2019s disease severity from videos using deep architectures","volume":"26","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.0809","article-title":"Using smartphones and machine learning to quantify Parkinson disease severity: the mobile Parkinson disease score","volume":"75","author":"Zhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00266-8","article-title":"Mining imaging and clinical data with machine learning approaches for the diagnosis and early detection of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Npj Parkinson\u2019s Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-023-00983-9","article-title":"An interpretable model based on graph learning for diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease with voice-related EEG","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Q., Zheng, C., Liu, M., Wang, P., Chen, C., 2023. Poseformerv2: Exploring frequency domain for efficient and robust 3d human pose estimation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. pp. 8877\u20138886.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00857"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323_b53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Huang, H., Wang, X., Yan, X., Xu, L., 2024. Spatio-Temporal Fusion for Human Action Recognition via Joint Trajectory Graph. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Vol. 38, pp. 7579\u20137587.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i7.28590"}],"container-title":["Medical Image Analysis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1361841526003920?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1361841526003920?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T12:59:55Z","timestamp":1793624395000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1361841526003920"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S1361841526003920"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323","relation":{},"ISSN":["1361-8415"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1361-8415","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"PDFormer: A Multimodal Transformer for Quantifying Motor Symptom Severity in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Medical Image Analysis","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.media.2026.104323","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104323"}}