{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:53:48Z","timestamp":1772121228176,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005614","name":"Biogen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005614","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T10:42:49Z","timestamp":1658140969000},"page":"612-621.e3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics by race: Analysis of a peginterferon \u03b2-1a phase 1 study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oksana","family":"Mokliatchouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy F.","family":"Ramia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria L.","family":"Naylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheri\u00e9 L.","family":"Butts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.22.2720","article-title":"Participation in cancer clinical trials: race-sex-and age-based disparities","volume":"291","author":"Murthy","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2037640","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37640","article-title":"Assessment of the inclusion of racial\/ethnic minority, female, and older individuals in vaccine clinical trials","volume":"4","author":"Flores","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001918","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001918","article-title":"Diversity in clinical and biomedical research: a promise yet to be fulfilled","volume":"12","author":"Oh","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301706","article-title":"A systematic review of barriers and facilitators to minority research participation among African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders","volume":"104","author":"George","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519864681","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of multiple sclerosis using 56.6 million electronic health records from the United States","volume":"26","author":"Briggs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws099","article-title":"The Gulf War era multiple sclerosis cohort: age and incidence rates by race, sex and service","volume":"135","author":"Wallin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182918cc2","article-title":"Incidence of multiple sclerosis in multiple racial and ethnic groups","volume":"80","author":"Langer-Gould","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.11.1681","article-title":"Response to interferon beta-1a treatment in African American multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"62","author":"Cree","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103010","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ocrelizumab vs interferon beta-1a in participants of African descent with relapsing multiple sclerosis in the Phase III OPERA I and OPERA II studies","volume":"52","author":"Cree","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181cff6fb","article-title":"Increased tissue damage and lesion volumes in African Americans with multiple sclerosis","volume":"74","author":"Weinstock-Guttman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-020-00193-5","article-title":"Real-world safety and effectiveness of dimethyl fumarate in Black or African American patients with multiple sclerosis: 3-year results from ESTEEM","volume":"9","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib13","article-title":"Representation in clinical trials: a review on reaching underrepresented populations in research","volume":"34","author":"Yates","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2114651","article-title":"Striving for diversity in research studies","volume":"385","year":"2021","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680912","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.680912","article-title":"Is it time for quotas to achieve racial and ethnic representation in multiple sclerosis trials?","volume":"12","author":"Mateen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2021.100250","article-title":"Improving the enrollment of women and racially\/ethnically diverse populations in cardiovascular clinical trials: an ASPC practice statement","volume":"8","author":"Michos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2021.03.005","article-title":"Promoting diversity in clinical trial leadership: a call to action","volume":"9","author":"Lindenfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib19","author":"Food and Drug Administration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e881","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000012362","article-title":"Association of disease severity and socioeconomic status in Black and white Americans with multiple sclerosis","volume":"97","author":"Gray-Roncal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458506070923","article-title":"Phenotype and prognosis in African-Americans with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective chart review","volume":"12","author":"Naismith","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e8e72a","article-title":"Rapid disease course in African Americans with multiple sclerosis","volume":"75","author":"Kister","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000145762.60562.5D","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of African Americans vs Caucasian Americans with multiple sclerosis","volume":"63","author":"Cree","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102429","article-title":"African Americans experience disproportionate neurodegenerative changes in the medulla and upper cervical spinal cord in early multiple sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Moog","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24308","article-title":"Retinal damage and vision loss in African American multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"77","author":"Kimbrough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib26","first-page":"221","article-title":"Response to disease modifying therapies in African Americans with multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Klineova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ethn. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270011407068","article-title":"A novel pegylated interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis: safety, pharmacology, and biology","volume":"52","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib28","series-title":"Plegridy\u00ae (Peginterferon Beta-1a) [prescribing Information]","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286420975227","article-title":"Bioequivalence of intramuscular and subcutaneous peginterferon beta-1a: results of a phase I, open-label crossover study in healthy volunteers","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib30","first-page":"e24","article-title":"Impact of sample size on variation of adverse events and preventable adverse events: systematic review on epidemiology and contributing factors","volume":"19","author":"Lessing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qual. Saf. Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12521","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of peginterferon beta-1a in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in the randomized ADVANCE study","volume":"79","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.883","article-title":"Population-based pharmacokinetic and exposure-efficacy analyses of peginterferon beta-1a in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"57","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.45","article-title":"Efficacy of natalizumab therapy in patients of African descent with relapsing multiple sclerosis: analysis of AFFIRM and\u00a0sentinel data","volume":"68","author":"Cree","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X","article-title":"Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: evidence and interventions","volume":"389","author":"Bailey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK_100021","article-title":"Enrollment of racial minorities in clinical trials: old problem assumes new urgency in the age of immunotherapy","volume":"39","author":"Nazha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educ. Book"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12910-017-0179-8","article-title":"Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med. Ethics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2018.11.002","article-title":"Increasing diversity in clinical trials: overcoming critical barriers","volume":"44","author":"Clark","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.61","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic differences in drug disposition and response: review of recently approved drugs","volume":"97","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51326","article-title":"Improving quality, affordability, and equity of multiple sclerosis care","volume":"8","author":"Langer-Gould","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70068-7","article-title":"Pegylated interferon beta-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (ADVANCE): a randomised, phase 3, double-blind study","volume":"13","author":"Calabresi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103350","article-title":"Safety and clinical effectiveness of\u00a0peginterferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis in the real-world setting:\u00a0interim results from the Plegridy Observational Program","volume":"57","author":"Salvetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577715","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic biomarkers of\u00a0long-term interferon beta-1a therapy\u00a0in\u00a0reflex and reflexion","volume":"360","author":"Freedman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Neuroimmunol."}],"container-title":["Med"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666634022002732?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666634022002732?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T02:55:37Z","timestamp":1763002537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666634022002732"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2666634022002732"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.04.01.22272847","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2666-6340"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-6340","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics by race: Analysis of a peginterferon \u03b2-1a phase 1 study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Med","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medj.2022.06.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}