{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T01:40:05Z","timestamp":1759974005420,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]],"date-time":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1162339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]],"date-time":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1162339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","em-consulte.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["M\u00e9decine et Maladies Infectieuses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,7,12]],"date-time":"2006-07-12T09:34:59Z","timestamp":1152696899000},"page":"538-545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cadre nosologique des\u00a0infections respiratoires basses"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Housset","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.11040986","article-title":"Guidelines for management of adult community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections. European Respiratory Society","volume":"11","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib2","first-page":"1","volume":"56","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2003.00798.x","article-title":"Systemic antibiotic treatment in upper and lower respiratory tract infections: official French guidelines","volume":"9","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib4","unstructured":"Afssaps. Infections respiratoires basses de l'adulte et de l'enfant. http:\/\/agmedsantegouvfr\/pdf\/5\/rbp\/irb_recopdf. 2005."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib5","first-page":"224","volume":"16","author":"Huchon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Mal. Respir."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.024992","article-title":"2004 update of BTS pneumonia guidelines: what's new?","volume":"59","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.at1010","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention","volume":"163","author":"Niederman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib8","unstructured":"Le Fur P, Sermet C, Busson O.Bronchopneumopathies aigu\u00ebs et antibioth\u00e9rapie en 1992\u00a0: aspects socio-\u00e9conomiques. Intervention au Colloque Rep\u00e8res d'Aide \u00e0 la D\u00e9cision M\u00e9dicale. Dijon, 3\/1995, 1995, 36."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00219102","article-title":"Management of lower respiratory tract infections by French general practitioners: the AIR II study","volume":"19","author":"Raherison","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib10","first-page":"163","article-title":"Prise en charge des infections respiratoires basses en m\u00e9decine g\u00e9n\u00e9rale en France","volume":"18","author":"Taytard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Mal. Respir."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-138-2-200301210-00012","article-title":"Testing strategies in the initial management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"138","author":"Metlay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib12","first-page":"767","article-title":"\u00c9tude de validation d'un test diagnostique: un guide de lecture critique. \u00c0 propos de la place de la biopsie endobronchique dans le diagnostic de la sarcoidose","volume":"19","author":"Nendaz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Mal. Respir."},{"issue":"8590","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91613-3","article-title":"Reliability of eliciting physical signs in examination of the chest","volume":"1","author":"Spiteri","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(84)90149-8","article-title":"Prediction of pneumonia in outpatients with acute cough\u2013a statistical approach","volume":"37","author":"Diehr","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Chronic Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)81474-X","article-title":"Comparison of physician judgment and decision aids for ordering chest radiographs for pneumonia in outpatients","volume":"20","author":"Emerman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(89)90358-2","article-title":"Clinical criteria for the detection of pneumonia in adults: guidelines for ordering chest roentgenograms in the emergency department","volume":"7","author":"Gennis","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-113-9-664","article-title":"Clinical prediction rule for pulmonary infiltrates","volume":"113","author":"Heckerling","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(89)80304-X","article-title":"Decision rules and clinical prediction of pneumonia: evaluation of low-yield criteria","volume":"18","author":"Singal","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib19","first-page":"343","article-title":"Interobserver reliability of the chest radiograph in community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"110","author":"Albaum","year":"1996","journal-title":"PORT Investigators. Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib20","first-page":"79","article-title":"Interobserver variability in the radiographic diagnosis of adult outpatient pneumonia","volume":"33","author":"Melbye","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-6-34","article-title":"Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic use vs a standard approach for acute respiratory tract infections in primary care: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial and baseline characteristics of participating general practitioners [ISRCTN73182671]","volume":"6","author":"Briel","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Fam. Pract."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1086\/514675","article-title":"High-resolution computed tomography for the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"27","author":"Syrjala","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.125.4.1335","article-title":"Contribution of C-reactive-protein to the diagnosis and assessment of severity of community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"125","author":"Almirall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200004000-00011","article-title":"Calcitonin precursors are reliable markers of sepsis in a medical intensive care unit","volume":"28","author":"Muller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.042200","article-title":"C-reactive-protein in patients with COPD, control smokers and non-smokers","volume":"61","author":"Pinto-Plata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"7507","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38483.478183.EB","article-title":"Diagnostic value of C-reactive-protein in infections of the lower respiratory tract: systematic review","volume":"331","author":"Van der Meer","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9409","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15591-8","article-title":"Effect of procalcitonin-guided treatment on antibiotic use and outcome in lower respiratory tract infections: cluster-randomised, single-blinded intervention trial","volume":"363","author":"Christ-Crain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6930","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6930.701","article-title":"Fortnightly Review: Management of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection","volume":"308","author":"Hosker","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.56.4.296","article-title":"Study of community-acquired pneumonia aetiology (SCAPA) in adults admitted to hospital: implications for management guidelines","volume":"56","author":"Lim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"8844","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90275-L","article-title":"Prospective study of aetiology and outcome of adult lower-respiratory-tract infections in the community","volume":"341","author":"Macfarlane","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib31","first-page":"402","article-title":"Diagnosis of acute bronchitis in adults: a national survey of family physicians","volume":"45","author":"Oeffinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Fam. Pract."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2004.01.006","article-title":"The common cold: a review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Wat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.1.9911019","article-title":"Respiratory viral infections in adults with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"162","author":"Greenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1997.00440340089009","article-title":"Influence of age on symptoms at presentation in patients with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"157","author":"Metlay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.2.100","article-title":"Risk factors of readmission to hospital for a COPD exacerbation: a prospective study","volume":"58","author":"Garcia-Aymerich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib36","first-page":"175","article-title":"Pneumopathies aigu\u00ebs communautaires pr\u00e9occupantes ou graves explor\u00e9es par fibroscopie bronchique. Analyse de 193 cas hospitalis\u00e9s en h\u00f4pital g\u00e9n\u00e9ral","volume":"13","author":"Vives","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev. Mal. Respir."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib37","first-page":"411","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to infections","volume":"19","author":"Philippart","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Mal. Respir."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000063088.86079.03","article-title":"Heat shock protein 70-2+1267 AA homozygotes have an increased risk of septic shock in adults with community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"31","author":"Waterer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.2.442","article-title":"A prospective study of community-acquired pneumonia in Hong Kong","volume":"101","author":"Chan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.3_Supplement.183S","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia guidelines\u2014an international comparison: a view from Europe","volume":"113","author":"Woodhead","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.39.1.28","article-title":"Comparative radiographic features of community acquired Legionnaires' disease, pneumococcal pneumonia, Mycoplasma\u00a0pneumonia, and psittacosis","volume":"39","author":"Macfarlane","year":"1984","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1148\/124.3.607","article-title":"Bacterial or nonbacterial pneumonia: accuracy of radiographic diagnosis","volume":"124","author":"Tew","year":"1977","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2011088","article-title":"Septic Shock and Respiratory Failure in Community-acquired Pneumonia Have Different TNF Polymorphism Associations","volume":"163","author":"Waterer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.121.5.1486","article-title":"Applying sputum as a diagnostic tool in pneumonia: limited yield, minimal impact on treatment decisions","volume":"121","author":"Ewig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1086\/380639","article-title":"Contribution of a urinary antigen assay (Binax NOW) to the early diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia","volume":"38","author":"Roson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00058802","article-title":"Rapid urinary antigen test for diagnosis of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia in adults","volume":"21","author":"Marcos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1086\/444566","article-title":"Usefulness of the Streptococcus\u00a0pneumoniae urinary antigen test in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"41","author":"Stralin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20044","article-title":"Antigen detection for the diagnosis of pneumonia","volume":"38","author":"Nunes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib49","first-page":"323","article-title":"Revised SWAB guidelines for antimicrobial therapy of community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"63","author":"Schouten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neth. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreo F, Dominguez J, Ruiz J, Blanco S, Arellano E, Prat C, et al. Impact of rapid urine antigen tests to determine the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Respir. Med. 2005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2005.08.020"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200522070-00004","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly adults","volume":"22","author":"Falsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200404000-00021","article-title":"Evaluation of rapid assay for detection of Streptococcus\u00a0pneumoniae urinary antigen among infants and young children with possible invasive pneumococcal disease","volume":"23","author":"Esposito","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.6.1579-1580.1996","article-title":"Comparison of Binax Legionella Urinary Antigen EIA kit with Binax RIA Urinary Antigen kit for detection of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 antigen","volume":"34","author":"Hackman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1086\/429919","article-title":"Management of nonsevere pneumonia in military trainees with the urinary antigen test for Streptococcus\u00a0pneumoniae: an innovative approach to targeted therapy","volume":"40","author":"Guchev","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.020035","article-title":"Legionnaires\u2019 disease at a Dutch flower show: prognostic factors and impact of therapy","volume":"8","author":"Lettinga","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(97)80008-4","article-title":"The epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia among hospitalized adults","volume":"34","author":"Porath","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00135703","article-title":"Atypical pathogens and respiratory tract infections","volume":"24","author":"Blasi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.6.9702005","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Clinical and nutritional aspects","volume":"156","author":"Riquelme","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.3.9901107","article-title":"Severe Community-acquired Pneumonia. Risk Factors and Follow-up Epidemiology","volume":"160","author":"Ruiz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib60","first-page":"101","article-title":"\u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des germes responsables au cours des pneumopathies communautaires","volume":"48","author":"Mayaud","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev. Pneumol. Clin."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcc.2004.10.007","article-title":"Tuberculosis: still overlooked as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia-how not to miss it","volume":"11","author":"Kunimoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Respir. Care Clin. N. Am."},{"issue":"3 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib62","first-page":"S7","article-title":"Actualisation 2003 des recommandations de la SPLF sur la prise en charge de la BPCO\u00a0: organisation et argumentaire","volume":"20","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Mal. Respir."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.03.00038303","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in the nature, severity and frequency of COPD exacerbations","volume":"22","author":"Donaldson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib64","first-page":"1204","article-title":"Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"48","author":"Wedzicha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200406-781OC","article-title":"Lower respiratory viral illnesses: improved diagnosis by molecular methods and clinical impact","volume":"170","author":"Garbino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-106-2-196","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"106","author":"Anthonisen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"5 Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.5_suppl_1.294S","article-title":"Mechanisms of COPD: clinical relevance of research presentations at the Thomas Petty Aspen Lung Conference 1999","volume":"117","author":"Rogers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"5 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.5.9709032","article-title":"Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"157","author":"Seemungal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"Suppl 6A","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)01061-0","article-title":"Viral respiratory infections in elderly patients and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"112","author":"Greenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.164.9.2105011","article-title":"Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"164","author":"Seemungal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.2000.16d19.x","article-title":"Detection of rhinovirus in induced sputum at exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"16","author":"Seemungal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.13b20.x","article-title":"Risk factors for lower airway bacterial colonization in chronic bronchitis","volume":"13","author":"Monso","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-3003.1999.13b21.x","article-title":"Predisposing factors to bacterial colonization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"13","author":"Zalacain","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(00)00507-6","article-title":"Association between airway bacterial load and markers of airway inflammation in patients with stable chronic bronchitis","volume":"109","author":"Hill","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012561","article-title":"New Strains of Bacteria and Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"347","author":"Sethi","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.56.5.366","article-title":"Assessment of airway neutrophils by sputum colour: correlation with airways inflammation","volume":"56","author":"Stockley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.6.1638","article-title":"Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD","volume":"117","author":"Stockley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1080\/00039890209602088","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"57","author":"Desqueyroux","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib79","first-page":"15s","article-title":"Colonisation in stable patients with COPD: results of an Italian epidemiological study (PRIME study)","volume":"26","author":"Blasi Francesco","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021322","article-title":"The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"350","author":"Celli","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["M\u00e9decine et Maladies Infectieuses"],"original-title":[],"language":"fr","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0399077X06001429?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0399077X06001429?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T01:01:48Z","timestamp":1759971708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0399077X06001429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11-12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0399077X06001429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0399-077X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0399-077X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cadre nosologique des\u00a0infections respiratoires basses","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"M\u00e9decine et Maladies Infectieuses","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medmal.2006.05.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2006 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}