{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T08:25:28Z","timestamp":1792916728147,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infection, Genetics and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,7]],"date-time":"2011-08-07T01:02:47Z","timestamp":1312678967000},"page":"686-694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Emergence and treatment of multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Streicher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Borna","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violet","family":"Chihota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charmaine","family":"Mlambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Tait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manormoney","family":"Pillay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Trollip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim G.P.","family":"Hoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick A.","family":"Sirgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolaas C.","family":"Gey van Pittius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"van Helden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Victor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin M.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00561-08","article-title":"Biological and molecular characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates with low-level resistance to isoniazid in Japan","volume":"46","author":"Abe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200709-1436OC","article-title":"Rapid molecular screening for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a high-volume public health laboratory in South Africa","volume":"177","author":"Barnard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28326","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M003744200","article-title":"Activation of the pro-drug ethionamide is regulated in mycobacteria","volume":"275","author":"Baulard","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1602.090968","article-title":"Emergence of increased resistance and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis despite treatment adherence, South Africa","volume":"16","author":"Calver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13901","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013901","article-title":"Epidemic levels of drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR and XDR-TB) in a high HIV prevalence setting in Khayelitsha, South Africa","volume":"5","author":"Cox","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS. One."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0805644","article-title":"Emergence of extensive drug resistance during treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"359","author":"Cox","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0035","unstructured":"Department of Health. 2000. The South African Tuberculosis Control Programme Practical Guidelines 2000. Available at: <http:\/\/www.capegateway.gov.za\/Text\/2003\/tb_guidelines2000.pdf> (accessed 30.05.11)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0040","unstructured":"Department of Health Government South Africa. 2006. Report on TB, Including XDR-TB in South Africa. Available at: <http:\/\/www.doh.gov.za\/docs\/reports\/2006\/xdr-tb\/index.html> (accessed 21.7.11)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0045","unstructured":"Department of Health Government South Africa. 2007. Tuberculosis strategic plan for South Africa 2007-2011. Available at: <http:\/\/www.info.gov.za\/view\/DownloadFileAction?id=72544> (accessed 30.05.11)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp096","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: an assessment of MGIT 960, MODS and nitrate reductase assay and fluoroquinolone cross-resistance","volume":"63","author":"Devasia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60492-8","article-title":"Early treatment outcomes and HIV status of patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"375","author":"Dheda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69573-1","article-title":"Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis as a cause of death in patients co-infected with Tuberculosis and HIV in a rural area of South Africa","volume":"368","author":"Gandhi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02191-06","article-title":"A recently evolved sublineage of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing strain family is associated with an increased ability to spread and cause disease","volume":"45","author":"Hanekom","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0070","unstructured":"Hoek, K.G.P., Schaaf, H.S., Gey van Pittius, N.C., Van Helden, P.D., and Warren, R.M. Resistance to pyrazinamide and ethambutol compromises MDR\/XDR-TB treatment. 99th ed., 2009. pp. 785\u2013787."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1086\/653115","article-title":"Treatment outcomes among patients with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Jacobson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0080","first-page":"68","article-title":"Ethambutol resistance testing by mutation detection","volume":"10","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0085","first-page":"1412","article-title":"An outbreak of drug resistant Tuberculosis caused by a Beijing strain in the Western Cape, South Africa","volume":"10","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0090","first-page":"119","article-title":"Drug-resistant tuberculosis epidemic in the Western Cape driven by a virulent Beijing genotype strain","volume":"14","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2006.12.7","article-title":"Stepwise decrease in moxifloxacin susceptibility amongst clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: correlation with ofloxacin susceptibility","volume":"12","author":"Kam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0100","unstructured":"Kok, P., O\u2019Donovan, M., Bouare, O., van Zyl, J. 2003. Post Apartheid Patterns of Internal Migration in South Africa. Available at: www.hsrcpress.ac.za (accessed 20.07.11)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31821190a3","article-title":"Extensively drug-resistant TB in Eastern Cape, South Africa: high mortality in HIV-Negative and HIV-Positive Patients","volume":"57","author":"Kvasnovsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.Acquir.Immune.Defic.Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0110","first-page":"802","article-title":"Frequency and implications of pyrazinamide resistance in managing previously treated tuberculosis patients","volume":"10","author":"Louw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0115","first-page":"1042","article-title":"A health systems assessment of the KwaZulu-Natal tuberculosis programme in the context of increasing drug resistance","volume":"12","author":"Loveday","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0120","first-page":"99","article-title":"Genotypic diversity of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) in South Africa","volume":"12","author":"Mlambo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3799","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.12.3799-3805.2003","article-title":"EthA, inhA, and katG loci of ethionamide-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates","volume":"47","author":"Morlock","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3459","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00973-08","article-title":"Pyrazinamide resistance among South African multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates","volume":"46","author":"Mphahlele","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0135","first-page":"344","article-title":"InhA promoter mutations: a gateway to extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in South Africa?","volume":"15","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0140","unstructured":"National Health Laboratory Services, 2010. National Institute for Communicable Diseases \u2013 Annual Report 2009. Available at: http:\/\/www.nicd.ac.za\/assets\/files\/Annual_report_2009.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1086\/522987","article-title":"Evolution of the extensively drug-resistant F15\/LAM4\/KZN strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"45","author":"Pillay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0150","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Treatment outcome and follow-up of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients, West Coast\/Winelands, South Africa, 1992\u20132002","volume":"12","author":"Shean","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirgel, F.A., Tait, M., Warren, R.M., Streicher, E.M., Bottger, E.C., Van Helden, P.D., Gey Van Pittius, N.C., Coetzee, G., Hoosain, E.Y., Chabula-Nxiweni, M., Hayes, C., Victor, T.C., Trollip, A., 2011. Mutations in the rrs A1401G gene and phenotypic resistance to amikacin and capreomycin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microb.Drug Resist.","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2011.0063"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01938-07","article-title":"Spread of a low-fitness drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain in a setting of high human immunodeficiency virus prevalence","volume":"46","author":"Strauss","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.2.891-894.2004","article-title":"Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from rural districts of the Western Cape Province of South Africa","volume":"42","author":"Streicher","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1086\/315054","article-title":"Transmission of a multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain resembling \u201cstrain W\u201d among noninstitutionalized, human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative patients","volume":"180","author":"van Rie","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69575-5","article-title":"XDR tuberculosis: an indicator of public-health negligence","volume":"368","author":"Van Rie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01476-09","article-title":"Polymorphisms associated with resistance and cross-resistance to aminoglycosides and capreomycin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from South Korean Patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis","volume":"48","author":"Via","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0185","first-page":"195","article-title":"Spread of an emerging Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug-resistant strain in the Western Cape of South Africa","volume":"11","author":"Victor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0190","unstructured":"Weyer K. 2001. Survey of Tuberculosis drug resistance, 2001-2002, Western Cape. Available at: <http:\/\/www.sahealthinfo.org\/tb\/tbdrugresistance.htm> (accessed 2.06.2011)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0195","first-page":"499","article-title":"Tuberculosis drug resistance in the Western Cape","volume":"85","author":"Weyer","year":"1995","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/0962-8479(92)90064-Q","article-title":"Primary and acquired drug resistance in adult black patients with tuberculosis in South Africa: results of a continuous national drug resistance surveillance programme involvement","volume":"73","author":"Weyer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tuber. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0205","unstructured":"WHO. 2010a. Multidrug and extensively drug-resistant TB (M\/XDR-TB) 2010 Global report on surveillance and response. Available at: <http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2010\/9789241599191_eng.pdf> (accessed 26.06.10a)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0210","unstructured":"WHO, 2010b. WHO endorses new rapid tuberculosis test. Available at: <http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/features_archive\/new_rapid_test\/en\/> (accessed 8.12.10b)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0215","unstructured":"WHO media report, 2006. WHO Global Task Force outlines measures to combat XDR-TB worldwide. Available at: <http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/news\/notes\/2006\/np29\/en\/index.html> (accessed 1.11.06)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0220","unstructured":"WHO media report, New rapid tests for drug-resistant TB for developing countries, and New rapid tests for drug-resistant TB for developing countries. 2008. New rapid tests for drug-resistant TB for developing countries. Available at: <http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/news\/releases\/2008\/pr21\/en\/index.html> (accessed 9.9.08)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0225","unstructured":"WHO-IUATLD Global Project on anti-tuberculosis drug resistance surveillance. 2008. Ant-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world (Report No 4). Available at: <http:\/\/www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/2008\/drs_report4_26feb08.pdf> (accessed 30.4.08)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0230","unstructured":"World Health Oganization, 2009. Global Tuberculosis Control 2009. Available at: <http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2009\/9789241563802_eng.pdf> (accessed 8.2.10)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019_b0235","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 2008. Policy guidance on drug-susceptibility testing (DST) of second-line antituberculosis drugs. Available at: <http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/hq\/2008\/WHO_HTM_TB_2008.392_eng.pdf> (accessed 8.9.2009)."}],"container-title":["Infection, Genetics and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567134811002747?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567134811002747?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T21:37:06Z","timestamp":1638221826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1567134811002747"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1567134811002747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2011.07.019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-1348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-1348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]}}}