{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T19:14:59Z","timestamp":1786994099335,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0910025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0910025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infection, Genetics and Evolution"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,17]],"date-time":"2014-06-17T20:46:26Z","timestamp":1403037986000},"page":"531-542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Increased diversity of zoonotic pathogens and Borrelia burgdorferi strains in established versus incipient Ixodes scapularis populations across the Midwestern United States"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Hamer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham J.","family":"Hickling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward D.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean I.","family":"Tsao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2799-2801.2004","article-title":"Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Bartonella spp., Babesia microti, and Anaplasma phagocytophila in Ixodes scapularis ticks collected in northern New Jersey","volume":"42","author":"Adelson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.739","article-title":"Diversity of Babesia infecting deer ticks (Ixodes dammini)","volume":"58","author":"Armstrong","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2006.02.008","article-title":"Co-evolution of the outer surface protein C gene (ospC) and intraspecific lineages of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in the northeastern United States","volume":"7","author":"Attie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00153-10","article-title":"Evolution and distribution of the ospC Gene, a transferable serotype determinant of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"1","author":"Barbour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/27.4.556","article-title":"Status of Ixodes dammini (Acari, Ixodidae) in Illinois","volume":"27","author":"Bouseman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.028738","article-title":"OspC diversity in Borrelia burgdorferi: different hosts are different niches","volume":"168","author":"Brisson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26944-0","article-title":"Sequence typing reveals extensive strain diversity of the Lyme borreliosis agents Borrelia burgdorferi in North America and Borrelia afzelii in Europe","volume":"150","author":"Bunikis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1009.040236","article-title":"Typing of Borrelia relapsing fever group strains","volume":"10","author":"Bunikis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0050","first-page":"142","article-title":"Criteria for the indication of center of origin in plant geographical studies","volume":"43","author":"Cain","year":"1943","journal-title":"Torreya"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b9000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.29.2.403-406.1991","article-title":"Survey for Ixodes spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi in southeastern Wisconsin and northeastern Illinois","volume":"29","author":"Callister","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.15.110184.000525","article-title":"Genetic revolutions in relation to speciation phenomena: the founding of new populations","volume":"15","author":"Carlson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026096204727","article-title":"Nonparametric estimation of Shannon\u2019s index of diversity when there are unseen species in sample","volume":"10","author":"Chao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Ecol. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-294x.2000.01020.x","article-title":"TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies","volume":"9","author":"Clement","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.5.810","article-title":"County-level surveillance of white-tailed deer infestation by Ixodes scapularis and Dermacentor albipictus (Acari: Ixodidae) along the Illinois River","volume":"43","author":"Cortinas","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0075","series-title":"Historical Biogeography: An Introduction","author":"Crisci","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6783","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.11.6783-6788.2004","article-title":"Interaction and transmission of two Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto strains in a tick-rodent maintenance system","volume":"70","author":"Derdakova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.2.166","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of host-seeking Ixodes scapularis nymphs (Acari: Iodidae) in the United States","volume":"43","author":"Diuk-Wasser","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0395","article-title":"Human risk of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease agent, in Eastern United States","volume":"86","author":"Diuk-Wasser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.36.92","article-title":"Reservoir competence of white-footed mice for Lyme disease spirochetes","volume":"36","author":"Donahue","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-24.4.708","article-title":"Ixodes dammini \u2013 occurrence and prevalence of infection with Borrelia spp. in Minnesota","volume":"24","author":"Drew","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01674-08","article-title":"Differential role of passerine birds in distribution of Borrelia spirochetes, based on data from ticks collected from birds during the postbreeding migration period in central Europe","volume":"75","author":"Dubska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0110","series-title":"Nymphs of the Genus Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae) of the United States: Taxonomy, Identification Key, Distribution, Hosts, and Medical\/Veterinary Importance","author":"Durden","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/117693430500100003","article-title":"Arlequin ver. 3.0: an integrated software package for population genetics data analysis","volume":"1","author":"Excoffier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evol. Bioinform. Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/131.2.479","article-title":"Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes: application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data","volume":"131","author":"Excoffier","year":"1992","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01219108","article-title":"A comparison of methods for sampling the deer tick, Ixodes dammini, in a Lyme disease endemic area","volume":"14","author":"Falco","year":"1992","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0130","unstructured":"Foster, E.S., 2004. Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) and Borrelia burgdorferi in Southwest Michigan: Population Ecology and Verification of a Geographic Risk Model (masters thesis). Michigan State University, East Lansing."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-45-4-804","article-title":"Genetic and phenotypic analysis of Borrelia miyamotoi sp. nov., isolated from the ixodid tick Ixodes persulcatus, the vector for Lyme disease in Japan","volume":"45","author":"Fukunaga","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02633-08","article-title":"Climate and tick seasonality are predictors of Borrelia burgdorferi genotype distribution","volume":"75","author":"Gatewood","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0403.980326","article-title":"Resurgent vector-borne diseases as a global health problem","volume":"4","author":"Gubler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0803.010166","article-title":"Predicting the risk of Lyme disease: habitat suitability for Ixodes scapularis in the north central United States","volume":"8","author":"Guerra","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1209039","article-title":"Meningoencephalitis from Borrelia miyamotoi in an immunocompromised patient","volume":"368","author":"Gugliotta","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.34.3.652-656.1996","article-title":"Multiple infections of Ixodes scapularis ticks by Borrelia burgdorferi as revealed by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis","volume":"34","author":"Guttman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0165","first-page":"1","article-title":"Summary of notifiable diseases \u2013 United States, 2007","volume":"56","author":"Hall-Baker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02479-10","article-title":"Diverse Borrelia burgdorferi strains in a bird-tick cryptic cycle","volume":"77","author":"Hamer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1307.070046","article-title":"Zoonotic pathogens in Ixodes scapularis, Michigan","volume":"13","author":"Hamer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-010-0287-0","article-title":"Invasion of the Lyme disease vector Ixodes scapularis: implications for Borrelia burgdorferi endemicity","volume":"7","author":"Hamer","year":"2010","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1204.051016","article-title":"Epidemic spread of Lyme borreliosis, northeastern United States","volume":"12","author":"Hanincova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073066","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing of Borrelia burgdorferi suggests existence of lineages with differential pathogenic properties in humans","volume":"8","author":"Hanincova","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01567-07","article-title":"Fitness variation of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto strains in mice","volume":"74","author":"Hanincova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0200","first-page":"591","article-title":"Signature of ancient population growth in a low-resolution mitochondrial DNA mismatch distribution","volume":"66","author":"Harpending","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0908.020748","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a non-Babesia divergens organism causing zoonotic babesiosis in Europe","volume":"9","author":"Herwaldt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis852","article-title":"Lyme disease and human granulocytic anaplasmosis coinfection: impact of case definition on coinfection rates and illness severity","volume":"56","author":"Horowitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2010.01001.x","article-title":"Uncoordinated phylogeography of Borrelia burgdorferi and its tick vector, Ixodes scapularis","volume":"64","author":"Humphrey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/7.1.124","article-title":"Ixodes scapularis say in Northern Wisconsin","volume":"7","author":"Jackson","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1206.060306","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodes scapularis ticks, Chicago area","volume":"12","author":"Jobe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1311.070801","article-title":"Lyme disease in urban areas, Chicago","volume":"13","author":"Jobe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0235","first-page":"1","article-title":"The genus Ixodes in the United States: a scanning electron microscope study and key to the adults","volume":"2","author":"Keirans","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b9005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.2307\/3282747","article-title":"Spatial and temporal dispersion of immature Ixodes dammini on Peromyscus leucopus in northwestern Illinois","volume":"77","author":"Kitron","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1215469","article-title":"Human Borrelia miyamotoi infection in the United States","volume":"368","author":"Krause","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0245","series-title":"Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance","author":"Krebs","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5893","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.10.5893-5895.2002","article-title":"Differential survival of Lyme borreliosis spirochetes in ticks that feed on birds","volume":"70","author":"Kurtenbach","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1089\/15303660260613693","article-title":"Comparison of the reservoir competence of medium-sized mammals and Peromyscus leucopus for Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Connecticut","volume":"2","author":"Levin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.33.3.589-595.1995","article-title":"Molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis","volume":"33","author":"Liveris","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b9010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-179-42100","article-title":"Isolation of the Lyme disease spirochete from mammals in Minnesota","volume":"179","author":"Loken","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01193900","article-title":"The emergence of Lyme disease in a changing environment in North America and central Europe","volume":"2","author":"Matuschka","year":"1986","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114362","article-title":"Differentiation of reinfection from relapse in recurrent Lyme disease","volume":"367","author":"Nadelman","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12050","article-title":"Predicting the rate of invasion of the agent of Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"50","author":"Ogden","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-S1-S2","article-title":"Changing distribution patterns of canine vector borne diseases in Italy: leishmaniosis vs. dirofilariosis","volume":"2","author":"Otranto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2006)87[1981:LDALTT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Localized deer absence leads to tick amplification","volume":"87","author":"Perkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/26.2.130","article-title":"Ixodes dammini (Acari, Ixodidae) in Indiana","volume":"26","author":"Pinger","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/28.5.745","article-title":"Collections of adult Ixodes dammini in Indiana, 1987\u20131990, and the isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"28","author":"Pinger","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.5.852","article-title":"Spread of Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Indiana: collections of adults in 1991\u20131994 and description of a Borrelia burgdorferi infected population","volume":"33","author":"Pinger","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.101474","article-title":"Humans Infected with relapsing fever spirochete Borrelia miyamotoi, Russia","volume":"17","author":"Platonov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0310","first-page":"552","article-title":"Population growth makes waves in the distribution of pairwise genetic differences","volume":"9","author":"Rogers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11233","article-title":"Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) distribution surveys in the Chicago metropolitan region","volume":"49","author":"Rydzewski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0320","first-page":"526","article-title":"Statistical tests for detecting gene conversion","volume":"6","author":"Sawyer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3518","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.7.3518-3524.1999","article-title":"Four clones of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto cause invasive infection in humans","volume":"67","author":"Seinost","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0330","series-title":"The Mathematical Theory of Communication","author":"Shannon","year":"1949"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0335","series-title":"Ticks of Virginia","author":"Sonenshine","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0340","first-page":"1","article-title":"A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species and its application to analyses of the vegetation on Danish commons","volume":"5","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"1948","journal-title":"Biologiske Skrifter\/Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0440","first-page":"544","article-title":"The Biology of Parasitism","author":"Spielman","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0350","unstructured":"Stancil, A., 1999. Phenology, Habitat Preferences, and Rates of Infection with Borrelia burgdorferi of Ixodes scapularis in the Midwestern United States (MS thesis). University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.2.437","article-title":"Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia odocoilei DNA in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) collected in Indiana","volume":"43","author":"Steiner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.2.289","article-title":"Infection and co-infection rates of Anaplasma phagocytophilum variants, Babesia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, and the rickettsial endosymbiont in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) from sites in Indiana, Maine, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin","volume":"45","author":"Steiner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0365","first-page":"11","article-title":"Field studies on Ixodes dammini in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan","volume":"1","author":"Strand","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vector Control Bull. North Central States"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00011-06","article-title":"Coinfections acquired from Ixodes ticks","volume":"19","author":"Swanson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm092","article-title":"MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0","volume":"24","author":"Tamura","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.1.223","article-title":"Reservoir competence of white-footed mice for Babesia microti","volume":"30","author":"Telford","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18159","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405763102","article-title":"An ecological approach to preventing human infection: vaccinating wild mouse reservoirs intervenes in the Lyme disease cycle","volume":"101","author":"Tsao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0401.980113","article-title":"Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in Ixodes scapularis in a rural New Jersey county","volume":"4","author":"Varde","year":"1998","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-26.3.390","article-title":"Transmission of Babesia odocoilei in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) by Ixodes scapularis (Acari, Ixodidae)","volume":"26","author":"Waldrup","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1504.080940","article-title":"Correlation between tick density and pathogen endemicity, New Hampshire","volume":"15","author":"Walk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.4.853-855.1997","article-title":"Natural infection of small mammal species in Minnesota with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis","volume":"35","author":"Walls","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.5.872","article-title":"Geographic distribution of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Michigan, with emphasis on Ixodes scapularis and Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"35","author":"Walker","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1086\/343043","article-title":"Disease severity in a murine model of Lyme borreliosis is associated with the genotype of the infecting Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto strain","volume":"186","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.633","article-title":"Molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: taxonomic, epidemiological, and clinical implications","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/151.1.15","article-title":"Genetic diversity of ospC in a local population of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto","volume":"151","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1086\/592279","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi genotype predicts the capacity for hematogenous dissemination during early Lyme disease","volume":"198","author":"Wormser","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1086\/315715","article-title":"Transmission of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis by Ixodes spinipalpis ticks: evidence of an enzootic cycle of dual infection with Borrelia burgdorferi in northern Colorado","volume":"182","author":"Zeidner","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Infection, Genetics and Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567134814002068?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567134814002068?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T12:28:47Z","timestamp":1649420927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1567134814002068"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"references-count":90,"alternative-id":["S1567134814002068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-1348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-1348","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Increased diversity of zoonotic pathogens and Borrelia burgdorferi strains in established versus incipient Ixodes scapularis populations across the Midwestern United States","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.06.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}