{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T16:53:55Z","timestamp":1771952035953,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,16]],"date-time":"2004-12-16T05:31:45Z","timestamp":1103175105000},"page":"782-787","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Pathogenesis and etiology of essential hypertension: role of dietary carbohydrate"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Kopp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1053\/snep.2002.28639","article-title":"Pathophysiology of essential hypertension: role of the pump, the vessel, and the kidney","volume":"22","author":"Ashley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602083340607","article-title":"Hypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities \u2013 the role of insulin resistance and the sympathoadrenal system","volume":"334","author":"Reaven","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.20.6.802","article-title":"Hyperdynamic circulation and the insulin resistance syndrome (\u201cSyndrome X\u201d)","author":"Stern","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1097\/00041552-199507000-00001","article-title":"Role of the renin-angiotensin system in essential hypertension","volume":"4","author":"Paran","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199603000-00005","article-title":"Influence of insulin, sympathetic nervous system activity, and obesity on blood pressure: the normative aging study","volume":"14","author":"Ward","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115260","article-title":"Hyperinsulinemia produces both sympathetic neural activation and vasodilatation in normal humans","volume":"87","author":"Anderson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20010239","article-title":"Carbohydrate ingestion, with transient endogenous insulinaemia, produces both sympathetic activation and vasodilatation in normal humans","volume":"102","author":"Scott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin-Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115842","article-title":"Abnormal sympathetic overactivity evoked by insulin in the skeletal muscle of patients with hypertension","volume":"90","author":"Lembo","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199101000-00012","article-title":"Hyperkinetic borderline hypertension in Tecumseh, Michigan","volume":"9","author":"Julius","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(88)90557-1","article-title":"Transition from high cardiac output to elevated vascular resistance in hypertension","volume":"116","author":"Julius","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"Suppl. 5","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-198608005-00003","article-title":"Haemodynamic patterns in the natural history of borderline hypertension","volume":"8","author":"Lund-Johansen","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib12","series-title":"Human physiology","author":"Schmidt","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib13","series-title":"Hypertension for the clinician","author":"Robertson","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.21.4.391","article-title":"Small artery structure in hypertension: dual processes of remodeling and growth","volume":"21","author":"Heagerty","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-198704000-00001","article-title":"The structure in the resistance vasculature in essential hypertension","volume":"5","author":"Mulvany","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"Suppl. III","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib16","first-page":"III19","article-title":"Trophic effects of peripheral adrenergic nerves on vascular structure","volume":"6","author":"Bevan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-595X(77)80075-3","article-title":"Catecholamines and the regulation of hormone secretion","volume":"6","author":"Young","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol Metabol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199322005-00007","article-title":"Peptide vasoconstrictors, vessel structure, and vascular smooth muscle proliferation","volume":"18","author":"Hahan","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H99","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2001.280.1.H99","article-title":"ANG II potentiates mitogenic effect of norepinephrine in vascular muscle cells: role of FGF-2","volume":"28","author":"Parenti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.36.2.319","article-title":"Effect of insulin on the proliferation of cultured primate arterial smooth muscle cells","volume":"36","author":"Stout","year":"1975","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-207-43802","article-title":"Changes in arterial smooth muscle contractility, contractile proteins, and arterial wall structure in spontaneous hypertension","volume":"207","author":"Packer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200307000-00031","article-title":"Evidence for renal vascular remodeling in angiotensin II-induced hypertension","volume":"21","author":"Edgeley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.61.s80.28.x","article-title":"Kidney and hypertension","volume":"61","author":"Adamczak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib24","first-page":"435","article-title":"Blood pressure changes produced by kidney cross-transplantation between spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats","volume":"47","author":"Bianchi","year":"1974","journal-title":"Clin Sci Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198310273091702","article-title":"Remission of hypertension after renal transplantation","volume":"309","author":"Curtis","year":"1983","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl. I","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.18.3_Suppl.I52","article-title":"Are vascular abnormalities a primary cause or a secondary consequence of hypertension?","volume":"18","author":"Mulvany","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib27","series-title":"Medical physiology","first-page":"861","article-title":"Integration of salt and water balance","author":"Giebisch","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(88)90113-1","article-title":"Stone agers in the fast lane: chronic degenerative diseases in evolutionary perspective","volume":"84","author":"Eaton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib29","first-page":"31","article-title":"Diet and hypertension: anthropology, epidemiology, and public health implications","volume":"19","author":"Blackburn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Prog Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(76)90356-8","article-title":"High sodium-low potassium environment and hypertension","volume":"38","author":"Meneely","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/46.2.282","article-title":"Plasma glucose and insulin responses to starchy foods in Australian Aborigines: a population now at high risk of diabetes","volume":"46","author":"Thorburn","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/45.1.98","article-title":"Slowly digested and absorbed carbohydrate in traditional bushfoods: a protective factor against diabetes?","volume":"45","author":"Thorburn","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1976.tb03653.x","article-title":"Diabetes and associated variables in the South Australian Aborigines","volume":"6","author":"Wise","year":"1976","journal-title":"Aust NZ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.16.1.157","article-title":"Global estimates for prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in adults","volume":"16","author":"King","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetes care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.44.12.1386","article-title":"Decreased insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance are independently related to the 7-year risk of NIDDM in Mexican Americans","volume":"44","author":"Haffner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.11.3.244","article-title":"Effect of a low fat diet on carbohydrate metabolism in patients with hypertension","volume":"22","author":"Parilo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib37","first-page":"79","article-title":"Diet and the sympathetic nervous system: relationship to hypertension","volume":"5","author":"Landsberg","year":"1981","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"issue":"Suppl. 6A","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2S","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(89)90488-9","article-title":"Hypertension as a disease of carbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism","volume":"87","author":"Reaven","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S149","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114500001094","article-title":"Low-glycemic index foods","volume":"83","author":"Bj\u00f6rk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brit J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1989.tb02765.x","article-title":"What did our ancestors eat?","volume":"47","author":"Garn","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib41","unstructured":"Putnam JJ, Allshouse JE. Food consumption, prices and expenditures 1970\u201397. Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Stat Bull; 1999, p. 965\u20131024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(02)05294-0","article-title":"High insulinogenic nutrition \u2013 an etiologic factor for obesity and the metabolic syndrome?","volume":"52","author":"Kopp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.46.6.1025","article-title":"Acute post-challenge hyperinsulinemia predicts weight gain: a prospective study","volume":"46","author":"Sigal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib44","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Hyperinsulinemia and its impact on obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"16","author":"Cusin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib45","first-page":"E255","article-title":"Development of VMH obesity: in vivo insulin secretion and tissue insulin sensitivity","volume":"257","author":"Pecinaud","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119628","article-title":"Insulin resistance and hypersecretion in obesity","volume":"100","author":"Ferranini","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.43.5.696","article-title":"Early changes in postprandial insulin secretion, not in insulin sensitivity, characterise juvenile obesity","volume":"43","author":"Le Stunff","year":"1994","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00279918","article-title":"Production of insulin resistance by hyperinsulinemia in man","volume":"28","author":"Rizza","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000019884.36724.D9","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome. Pathophysiology and implications for management of cardiovascular disease","volume":"106","author":"Reaven","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-208-43862B","article-title":"Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertension: causes, consequences, or merely correlations?","volume":"208","author":"Hall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1205","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.4.H1205","article-title":"Age-associated arterial wall thickening is related to elevations in sympathetic activity in healthy humans","volume":"278","author":"Dinenno","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"}],"container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987704005729?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987704005729?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]],"date-time":"2023-04-30T23:00:12Z","timestamp":1682895612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306987704005729"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0306987704005729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2004.10.009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-9877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-9877","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}}}