{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:00:05Z","timestamp":1790967605155,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,1]],"date-time":"2006-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1136073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,14]],"date-time":"2006-03-14T09:28:24Z","timestamp":1142328504000},"page":"1060-1068","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Human balance, the evolution of bipedalism and dysequilibrium syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"John R.","family":"Skoyles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.9.1298","article-title":"The origin of contraversive pushing: evidence for a second graviceptive system in humans","volume":"55","author":"Karnath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13931","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.240279997","article-title":"The neural representation of postural control in humans","volume":"97","author":"Karnath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(94)00048-J","article-title":"An ontogenetic model for the sensorimotor organization of balance control in humans","volume":"14","author":"Assaiante","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162205001404","article-title":"Autosomal recessive cerebellar hypoplasia in the Hutterite population","volume":"47","author":"Glass","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib5","first-page":"1","article-title":"The dysequilibrium syndrome in cerebral palsy. Clinical aspects and treatment","volume":"226","author":"Hagberg","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320090109","article-title":"Nonprogressive cerebellar disorder with mental retardation and autosomal recessive inheritance in Hutterites","volume":"9","author":"Schurig","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-8782.2004.00289.x","article-title":"Bipedal animals, and their differences from humans","volume":"204","author":"Alexander","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330290403","article-title":"Conditions for balancing the head in primates","volume":"29","author":"Schultz","year":"1944","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000174273.85164.67","article-title":"Human evolution and the development of spondylolysis","volume":"30","author":"Ward","year":"2005","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199701)102:1<91::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Precision grips, hand morphology, and tools","volume":"102","author":"Marzke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1040-x","article-title":"Coexistence of stability and mobility in postural control: evidence from postural compensation for respiration","volume":"144","author":"Hodges","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.03.025","article-title":"The condition for dynamic stability","volume":"38","author":"Hof","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib13","series-title":"Comparative biomechanics: life\u2019s physical world","author":"Vogel","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00279","article-title":"Insights into the evolution of human bipedalism from experimental studies of humans and other primates","volume":"206","author":"Schmitt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib15","first-page":"11","article-title":"Kinematic analysis of bipedal locomotion of a Japanese macaque that lost its forearms due to congenital malformation","volume":"46","author":"Ogihara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Primates"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330600302","article-title":"The locomotor anatomy of Australopithecus afarensis","volume":"60","author":"Stern","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1998.0222","article-title":"The mechanical effectiveness of erect and \u201cbent-hip, bent-knee\u201d bipedal walking in Australopithecus afarensis","volume":"35","author":"Crompton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib18","series-title":"Biped to Strider: The emergence of modern human walking, running, and resource transport","first-page":"49","article-title":"Functional interpretation of the Laetoli footprints","author":"Schmid","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03052","article-title":"Endurance running and the evolution of Homo","volume":"432","author":"Bramble","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(97)00031-6","article-title":"Postural control systems in developmental perspective","volume":"22","author":"Massion","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMB.2003.1195695","article-title":"Strategies for dynamic stability during adaptive human locomotion","volume":"22","author":"Patla","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5323.190","article-title":"The space around us","volume":"277","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(92)90132-U","article-title":"Antagonist muscle inhibition before rapid voluntary movements of the human wrist","volume":"85","author":"Agostino","year":"1992","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/104.3.513","article-title":"Human postural responses","volume":"104","author":"Marsden","year":"1981","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.073437","article-title":"Active, non-spring-like muscle movements in human postural sway: how might paradoxical changes in muscle length be produced?","volume":"564","author":"Loram","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1067-z","article-title":"The vestibulo-ocular reflex in three dimensions","volume":"145","author":"Raphan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2307\/1418418","article-title":"Visual factors in the maintenance of upright posture","volume":"63","author":"Witkin","year":"1950","journal-title":"Am J Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03199297","article-title":"Visual proprioceptive control of standing in human infants","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"1974","journal-title":"Percept Psychophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib29","first-page":"285","article-title":"Some results of studies in the physiology of posture: Part II","volume":"211","author":"Magnus","year":"1926","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228420","article-title":"Goal-directed linear locomotion in normal and labyrinthine-defective subjects","volume":"98","author":"Glasauer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(01)00156-4","article-title":"Attention and the control of posture and gait: a review of an emerging area of research","volume":"16","author":"Woollacott","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200505120-00023","article-title":"Selective utilization of spatial working memory resources during stance posture","volume":"16","author":"VanderVelde","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-830370","article-title":"Frontal ataxia in childhood","volume":"35","author":"Erasmus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(99)00055-5","article-title":"Human oscillatory brain activity within gamma band (30\u201350Hz) induced by visual recognition of non-stable postures","volume":"9","author":"Slobounov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res Cogn Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib35","article-title":"Human hand-walkers: Five siblings who never stood up","volume":"77","author":"Humphrey","year":"2005","journal-title":"CPNSS Discussion Paper"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/369645a0","article-title":"Implications of early hominid labyrinthine morphology for evolution of human bipedal locomotion","volume":"369","author":"Spoor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1113722","article-title":"Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans","volume":"309","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04103","article-title":"Molecular insights into human brain evolution","volume":"437","author":"Hill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2003.09.008","article-title":"Static balance and developmental coordination disorder","volume":"22","author":"Geuze","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Mov Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1086\/444400","article-title":"Homozygous deletion of the very low density lipoprotein receptor gene causes autosomal recessive cerebellar hypoplasia with cerebral gyral simplification","volume":"77","author":"Boycott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turkmen S, Demirhan O, Hoffmann K, Diers A, Zimmer C, Sperling K, et al. Cerebellar hypoplasia and quadrupedal locomotion in humans as a recessive trait mapping to chromosome 17p. J Med Genet 2006; in press.","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2005.040030"}],"container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987706001009?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987706001009?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,17]],"date-time":"2019-04-17T05:23:24Z","timestamp":1555478604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306987706001009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0306987706001009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.01.042","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-9877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-9877","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]}}}