{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T20:39:26Z","timestamp":1789850366328,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]],"date-time":"2007-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,30]],"date-time":"2006-09-30T11:24:00Z","timestamp":1159615440000},"page":"629-634","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Atrial fibrillation may be a vascular disease: The role of the pulmonary vein"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Cong Xin","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng Lin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-003-0219-6","article-title":"The myocardial sleeves of the pulmonary veins: potential implications for atrial fibrillation","volume":"26","author":"Roux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(02)00490-X","article-title":"Tissue structure and connexin expression of canine pulmonary veins","volume":"55","author":"Verheule","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.34.3.412","article-title":"The junction between the left atrium and the pulmonary veins. An anatomic study of human hearts","volume":"34","author":"Nathan","year":"1966","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.1999.tb00211.x","article-title":"Anatomy of the left atrium: implications for radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation","volume":"10","author":"Ho","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.86.3.265","article-title":"Architecture of the pulmonary veins: relevance to radiofrequency ablation","volume":"86","author":"Ho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib6","first-page":"133","article-title":"Node-like cells in the myocardial layer of the pulmonary vein of rats: an ultrastructural study","volume":"145","author":"Masani","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Anat"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2003.03075.x","article-title":"Evidence of specialized conduction cells in human pulmonary veins of patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"14","author":"Perez-Lugones","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"7 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2003.t01-1-00235.x","article-title":"Pathophysiology of the pulmonary vein as an atrial fibrillation initiator","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00918-5","article-title":"Morphology of atrial myocardium in human pulmonary veins: a postmortem analysis in patients with and without atrial fibrillation","volume":"42","author":"Hassink","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.2003.t01-1-00193.x","article-title":"Anatomic characteristics of extensions of atrial myocardium into the pulmonary veins in subjects with and without atrial fibrillation","volume":"26","author":"Kholova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.11.1274","article-title":"Pulmonary vein morphology in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation initiated by ectopic beats originating from the pulmonary veins: implications for catheter ablation","volume":"101","author":"Lin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.08.014","article-title":"Comparison of ion channel distribution and expression in cardiomyocytes of canine pulmonary veins versus left atrium","volume":"65","author":"Melnyk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s395-002-8384-6","article-title":"Electrophysiology of single cardiomyocytes isolated from rabbit pulmonary veins: implication in initiation of focal atrial fibrillation","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Basic Res Cardiol"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4801.099736","article-title":"Effects of rapid atrial pacing on the arrhythmogenic activity of single cardiomyocytes from pulmonary veins: implication in initiation of atrial fibrillation","volume":"104","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6096","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/324470a0","article-title":"Characterization of single pacemaker channels in cardiac sino-atrial node cells","volume":"324","author":"DiFrancesco","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(01)01731-4","article-title":"Effects of thyroid hormone on the arrhythmogenic activity of pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2828(87)80354-1","article-title":"Characteristics of a transient inward current that causes delayed after depolarizations in atrial cells of the canine coronary sinus","volume":"19","author":"Tseng","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"issue":"5841","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1038\/294582a0","article-title":"Pulmonary vein as an ectopic focus in digitalis-induced arrhythmia","volume":"294","author":"Cheung","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(00)00179-6","article-title":"Arrhythmogenic activity of cardiac muscle in pulmonary veins of the dog: implication for the genesis of atrial fibrillation","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000058461.86339.7E","article-title":"Arrhythmogenic substrate of the pulmonary veins assessed by high-resolution optical mapping","volume":"107","author":"Arora","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2004.00675.x","article-title":"Pulmonary veins: anatomy, electrophysiology, tachycardia, and fibrillation","volume":"27","author":"Fynn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000056765.97013.5E","article-title":"Correlation between anatomy and electrical activation in canine pulmonary veins","volume":"107","author":"Hamabe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000016062.80020.11","article-title":"Electrical conduction in canine pulmonary veins: electrophysiological and anatomic correlation","volume":"105","author":"Hocini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000036744.39782.9F","article-title":"Distinctive electrophysiological properties of pulmonary veins in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"106","author":"Jais","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2003.03094.x","article-title":"Reentrant tachycardia in pulmonary veins of patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation","volume":"14","author":"Takahashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2003.03288.x","article-title":"Nature of rapid pulmonary vein tachycardias: reentry or not reentry?","volume":"14","author":"Schneider","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.18.1879","article-title":"Initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating from the pulmonary veins: electrophysiological characteristics, pharmacological responses, and effects of radiofrequency ablation","volume":"100","author":"Chen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(00)00792-0","article-title":"Effect of phenylephrine on focal atrial fibrillation originating in the pulmonary veins and superior vena cava","volume":"36","author":"Tai","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(02)00223-7","article-title":"Mother rotors and fibrillatory conduction: a mechanism of atrial fibrillation","volume":"54","author":"Jalife","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.2.194","article-title":"Stable microreentrant sources as a mechanism of atrial fibrillation in the isolated sheep heart","volume":"101","author":"Mandapati","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.21.2631","article-title":"Left-to-right gradient of atrial frequencies during acute atrial fibrillation in the isolated sheep heart","volume":"103","author":"Mansour","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.91.5.1588","article-title":"Chronic rapid atrial pacing. Structural, functional, and electrophysiological characteristics of a new model of sustained atrial fibrillation","volume":"91","author":"Morillo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3108","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000104567.72914.BF","article-title":"Role of the posterior left atrium and pulmonary veins in human lone atrial fibrillation: electrophysiological and pathological data from patients undergoing atrial fibrillation surgery","volume":"108","author":"Todd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.2000.tb07029.x","article-title":"Role of rapid focal activation in the maintenance of atrial fibrillation originating from the pulmonary veins","volume":"23","author":"Kumagai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pacing Clin Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.20.2463","article-title":"Electrophysiological breakthroughs from the left atrium to the pulmonary veins","volume":"102","author":"Haissaguerre","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.95.3.572","article-title":"A focal source of atrial fibrillation treated by discrete radiofrequency ablation","volume":"95","author":"Jais","year":"1997","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199809033391003","article-title":"Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins","volume":"339","author":"Haissaguerre","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8167.2005.00317.x","article-title":"Electrophysiology of pulmonary veins","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00586-2","article-title":"High resolution mapping of the pulmonary vein and the vein of Marshall during induced atrial fibrillation and atrial tachycardia in a canine model of pacing-induced congestive heart failure","volume":"42","author":"Okuyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-6363(96)00054-5","article-title":"Mechanoelectric feedback and atrial arrhythmias","volume":"32","author":"Nazir","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2001.00809.x","article-title":"Pulmonary vein dilation in patients with atrial fibrillation: detection by magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"12","author":"Tsao","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000086979.39843.7B","article-title":"Intra-atrial pressure increases rate and organization of waves emanating from the superior pulmonary veins during atrial fibrillation","volume":"108","author":"Kalifa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2005.01.004","article-title":"Is atrial fibrillation an inflammatory disease?","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4901.101760","article-title":"C-reactive protein elevation in patients with atrial arrhythmias: inflammatory mechanisms and persistence of atrial fibrillation","volume":"104","author":"Chung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000062645.38670.BD","article-title":"Pacing-induced spontaneous activity in myocardial sleeves of pulmonary veins after treatment with ryanodine","volume":"107","author":"Honjo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0185(199702)247:2<289::AID-AR15>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Gross and microscopic anatomy of the human intrinsic cardiac nervous system","volume":"247","author":"Armour","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.01.057","article-title":"Autonomically induced conversion of pulmonary vein focal firing into atrial fibrillation","volume":"45","author":"Scherlag","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000112641.16340.C7","article-title":"Pulmonary vein denervation enhances long-term benefit after circumferential ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation","volume":"109","author":"Pappone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2004.03432.x","article-title":"Pulmonary vein isolation for vagotonic, adrenergic, and random episodes of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation","volume":"15","author":"Oral","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000095269.36984.75","article-title":"Electrophysiological and electrocardiographic characteristics of focal atrial tachycardia originating from the pulmonary veins: acute and long-term outcomes of radiofrequency ablation","volume":"108","author":"Kistler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.90.3.1262","article-title":"Sustained atrial tachycardia in adult patients. Electrophysiological characteristics, pharmacological response, possible mechanisms, and effects of radiofrequency ablation","volume":"90","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000074206.52056.2D","article-title":"Catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation initiated by non-pulmonary vein ectopy","volume":"107","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1540-8167.2003.03222.x","article-title":"Role of the coronary sinus in maintenance of atrial fibrillation","volume":"14","author":"Oral","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.10.071","article-title":"Frequency analysis in different types of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation","volume":"47","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"}],"container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987706005871?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987706005871?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T20:16:37Z","timestamp":1707250597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306987706005871"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0306987706005871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.07.048","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-9877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-9877","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}}}