{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T20:51:02Z","timestamp":1769633462161,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]],"date-time":"2007-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,21]],"date-time":"2006-10-21T07:11:23Z","timestamp":1161414683000},"page":"822-825","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Alzheimer\u2019s neuroborreliosis with trans-synaptic spread of infection and neurofibrillary tangles derived from intraneuronal spirochetes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Alan B.","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00024.2003","article-title":"Role of Tau protein in both physiological and pathological conditions","volume":"84","author":"Avila","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2006-9S325","article-title":"Discoveries of tau, abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau and others of neurofibrillary degeneration: A personal perspective","volume":"9","author":"Iqbal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Alzheimer Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.1999.00182.x","article-title":"Review: tau protein pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related disorders","volume":"25","author":"Tolnay","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(95)11713-7","article-title":"Numerous glial fibrillary tangles in oligodendroglia of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis with neurofibrillary tangles","volume":"194","author":"Ikeda","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.78.916.63","article-title":"Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis","volume":"78","author":"Garg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00691159","article-title":"Neurofibrillary Changes in the cerebral cortex of a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)","volume":"48","author":"Paul-Barbosa","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199805143382008","article-title":"Case 15-1998 A 34 year old woman with confusion and vision loss during pregnancy","volume":"338","author":"Gascon","year":"1998","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib8","first-page":"110","article-title":"Adult onset subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: clinicopathologic findings in 2 new cases","volume":"22","author":"Ortega-Aznar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib9","first-page":"585","article-title":"Microtubule associated protein tau, heparan sulphate and a-synuclein in several neurodegenerative diseases with dementia","volume":"97","author":"Spillitini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib10","series-title":"Neuropathology","author":"Ellison","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00691160","article-title":"Subacute Sclerosing panencephalitis: immunohistochemical demonstration of measles virus antigens in Paraffin sections","volume":"48","author":"Kumanishi","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib12","unstructured":"Gajdusek DC. Unconventional viruses and the origins of disappearance of Kuru, Nobel Lecture, December 13, 1976. Available from: http:\/\/nobelprize.org\/nobel-prizes\/medicine\/laureates\/1976\/gajdusek-lecture.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280290100752","article-title":"Characterization of measles virus strains causing SSPE: a study of 11 cases","volume":"8","author":"Jin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1993.1579","article-title":"Clonal expansion of hypermutated measles virus ins SSPE brain","volume":"197","author":"Baczko","year":"1993","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00690693","article-title":"Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy with paramyxovirus-like structures, Hirano Bodies, and Neurofibrillary tangles","volume":"27","author":"Hadfield","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199604000-00010","article-title":"The significance of measles virus antigen and genome distribution in the CNS in SSPE for mechanism of viral spread and demyelination","volume":"55","author":"Allen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib17","first-page":"193","article-title":"Ultrastructural changes in neuronal and glial cells in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: correlation with disease duration","volume":"39","author":"Lewandowski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Folia Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00294649","article-title":"The distribution of Alzheimer\u2019s neurofibrillary tangles and Gliosis in Chronic SSPE","volume":"80","author":"Mandybur","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410010112","article-title":"Alzheimer neurofibrillary changes in SSPE","volume":"1","author":"Mandybur","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1994.tb01168.x","article-title":"Association of measles virus with neurofibrillary tangles in SSPE: a combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical investigation","volume":"20","author":"McQuaid","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00294505","article-title":"Neuronal and glial tau positive inclusions in diverse neurologic diseases share common phosphorylation characteristics","volume":"88","author":"Iwatsubo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1996.tb00893.x","article-title":"Rabies: interactions between neurons and viruses: a review of the history of negri inclusion bodies","volume":"22","author":"Kristensson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03380160053011","article-title":"Borrelia in the brains of patients dying with dementia","volume":"256","author":"MacDonald","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(87)80252-6","article-title":"Concurrent neocortical Borreliosis and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"MacDonald","year":"1987","journal-title":"Human Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb31909.x","article-title":"Concurrent neocortical Borreliosis and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: demonstration of a spirochetal cyst form","volume":"539","author":"MacDonald","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2004-6608","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi persists in the brain in chronic lyme neuroborreliosis and may be associated with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Miklossy","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15953","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2432412100","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi transcriptomes in the central nervous system of non-human primates","volume":"100","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2003","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2006.05.750","article-title":"In situ DNA hybridization study of granulovacuolar degeneration in human Alzheimer Autopsy neurons for Flagellin b transcriptomes of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"2","author":"MacDonald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dis Dementia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib29","unstructured":"Lawrence DMP, Patterson CE, Dorzio JL, Rall GF. Pathogenesis of neurotropic viral infections; Mechanisms of Neuron\u2013Neuron Transmission of Measles Virus, FoxChase Cancer Center Bulletin; 1999. Available from: http:\/\/www.foxchase.org\/sci_report\/1999\/Rall.pdf#search=%22neurofibrillary%20tangles%20sspe%22."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.02.035","article-title":"Plaques of Alzheimer\u2019s disease originate from cysts of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"67","author":"MacDonald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2006.05.1465","article-title":"Cystic Borrelia in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and in non-Dementia neuroborreliosis","volume":"2","author":"MacDonald","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia"}],"container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987706006505?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987706006505?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]],"date-time":"2019-01-11T20:25:47Z","timestamp":1547238347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306987706006505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0306987706006505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.08.043","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-9877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-9877","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}}}