{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T05:40:12Z","timestamp":1684215612218},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,9]],"date-time":"2008-01-09T23:25:01Z","timestamp":1199921101000},"page":"1017-1020","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Prolactin may be a promising therapeutic target for myasthenia gravis: Hypothesis and importance"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingyun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhifeng","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eryuan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30094-X","article-title":"The history of myasthenia gravis","volume":"12","author":"Pascuzzi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10095","article-title":"\u201cCrisis\u201d in myasthenia gravis: an historical perspective","volume":"26","author":"Keesey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29894","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: past, present, and future","volume":"116","author":"Conti-Fine","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.1.97","article-title":"The susceptibility to experimental myasthenia gravis of STAT6-\/- and STAT4-\/- BALB\/c mice suggests a pathogenic role of Th1 cells","volume":"172","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5050","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.8.5050","article-title":"Estrogen enhances susceptibility to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by promoting type 1-polarized immune responses","volume":"175","author":"Delpy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5379","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.15.5379","article-title":"Human T-helper lymphocytes in myasthenia gravis recognize the nicotinic receptor alpha subunit","volume":"84","author":"Hohlfeld","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1210\/er.19.3.225","article-title":"Prolactin and its receptor: actions, signal transduction pathways, and phenotypes observed in prolactin receptor knockout mice","volume":"19","author":"Bole-Feysot","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib8","first-page":"255","article-title":"Prolactin and autoimmune diseases in humans","volume":"78","author":"Chuang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2006.02.007","article-title":"Prolactin synthesis by lymphocytes from patients with systemic sclerosis","volume":"60","author":"Czuwara-Ladykowska","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090470110","article-title":"The effect of hypophysectomy upon the involution of the thymus in the rat","volume":"47","author":"Smith","year":"1930","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0053","article-title":"Prolactin suppresses glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis in vivo","volume":"144","author":"Krishnan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(89)90106-5","article-title":"New aspects of prolactin and immunity: alymphocyte-derived prolactin-like product and nuclear protein kinase C activation","volume":"10","author":"Russell","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-15-5-627","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation by the helix bundle peptide hormones: growth hormone, prolactin, and hematopoietic cytokines","volume":"15","author":"Horseman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1159\/000097335","article-title":"Action of pituitary and lymphocyte prolactin","volume":"4","author":"Matera","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(91)90028-X","article-title":"Prolactin, immunoregulation, and autoimmune diseases","volume":"20","author":"Jara","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sem Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s11748-006-0059-5","article-title":"Thymolipoma associated with myasthenia gravis","volume":"55","author":"Tsukioka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib17","first-page":"3182","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of enlarged thymectomy in treatment of myasthenia gravis and relevant influencing factors: study of 410 cases","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20794","article-title":"Antigen-specific T-cell activation in hyperplastic thymus in myasthenia gravis","volume":"36","author":"Utsugisawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2006.00636.x","article-title":"Thymus and myasthenia gravis: antigen processing in the human thymus and the consequences for the generation of autoreactive T cells","volume":"183","author":"Melms","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.3.1570","article-title":"A 17-Mer self-peptide of acetylcholine receptor binds to B cell MHC class II, activates helper T cells, and stimulates autoantibody production and electrophysiologic signs of myasthenia gravis","volume":"159","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18\u201332","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2001.1820102.x","article-title":"Immunologic tolerance maintained by CD25+CD4+ regulatory T cells: their common role in controlling autoimmunity, tumor immunity, and transplantation tolerance","volume":"182","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0901-816","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in the control of immune pathology","volume":"2","author":"Maloy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.11.1303","article-title":"Ex vivo isolation and characterization of CD4(+) CD25(+) T cells with regulatory properties from human blood","volume":"193","author":"Dieckmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01783-06","article-title":"CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells suppress CD4+ T-cell function and inhibit the development of Plasmodium berghei-specific TH1 responses involved in cerebral malaria pathogenesis","volume":"75","author":"Nie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0300-9475.2004.01370.x","article-title":"Decreased CD4+ CD25+ T cells in peripheral blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/immu.200390024","article-title":"Isolation and functional characterization of regulatory CD25brightCD4+ T cells from the target organ of patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"33","author":"Cao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031579","article-title":"Loss of functional suppression by CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"199","author":"Viglietta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02220.x","article-title":"Circulating and thymic CD4+ CD25+ T regulatory cells in myasthenia gravis: effect of immunosuppressive treatment","volume":"116","author":"Andrea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.03.011","article-title":"Decreased frequency of intrathymic regulatory T cells in patients with myasthenia-associated thymoma","volume":"164","author":"Luther","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib30","first-page":"255","article-title":"Prolactin and autoimmune diseases in humans","volume":"78","author":"Chuang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib31","first-page":"807","article-title":"Hyperprolactinaemia in patients with systemiclupus erythematosus","volume":"20","author":"Moszkorzova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199204000-00003","article-title":"Hyperprolactinemia in systemiclupus erythematosus: association with disease activity","volume":"303","author":"Jara","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1191\/096120301701549688","article-title":"Enhanced serum prolactin (PRL) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: PRL levels are related to the disease activity","volume":"10","author":"Jacobi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib34","first-page":"2140","article-title":"Correlation of prolactin serum concentrations with clinical activity and remissionin patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Effect of conventional treatment","volume":"30","author":"Vera-Lastra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1191\/096120398678920334","article-title":"Bromocriptinein systemic lupus erythematosus: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"7","author":"Alvarez-Nemegyei","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.1020351","article-title":"Regulation of immunity in rats by lactogenic and growth hormones","volume":"102","author":"Nagy","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.7.2201","article-title":"Pituitary hormones regulate c-myc and DNA synthesis in lymphoid tissue","volume":"146","author":"Berczi","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.11.008","article-title":"Prolactin affects both survival and differentiation of T-cell progenitors","volume":"160","author":"Carre\u00f1o","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4165","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.9.4165","article-title":"Prolactin increases CD4\/CD8 cell ratio in thymus-grafted congenitally athymic nude mice","volume":"93","author":"Gaufo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1958","article-title":"Interleukin-2 gene variation impairs regulatory T cell function and causes autoimmunity","volume":"39","author":"Yamanouchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.4.2018","article-title":"IL-2 is essential for TGF-beta to convert naive CD4+CD25- cells to CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and for expansion of these cells","volume":"178","author":"Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4062","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.7.4062","article-title":"Function of the IL-2R for thymic and peripheral CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells","volume":"178","author":"Bayer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(97)00096-9","article-title":"Prolactin is an autocrine growth factor for the Jurkat human T-leukemic cell line","volume":"79","author":"Matera","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2006.00664.x","article-title":"Raised prolactin levels in myasthenia gravis: two case reports and a study of two patient populations","volume":"114","author":"Tsinzerling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044_bib45","first-page":"79","article-title":"Hypophyseal-adreno-gonadal system function in myasthenia patients with tumorous and nontumorous pathology of the thymus","volume":"6","author":"Lysenko","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lik Sprava"}],"container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987707005518?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987707005518?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T19:23:06Z","timestamp":1684178586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306987707005518"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0306987707005518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.06.044","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-9877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-9877","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}}}