{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:49:38Z","timestamp":1791348578247,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,24]],"date-time":"2008-01-24T20:57:31Z","timestamp":1201208251000},"page":"1121-1127","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Collicular dysfunction in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Paul G.","family":"Overton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(97)00165-4","article-title":"Clinical foundations of hyperactivity research","volume":"94","author":"Taylor","year":"1998","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"issue":"Suppl. 12","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Overview and neurobiology of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"63","author":"Spencer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301164","article-title":"Stimulants: therapeutic actions in ADHD","volume":"31","author":"Arnsten","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2560","article-title":"American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Quality Improvement; American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder. Treatment of attention-deficit\/ hyper-activity disorder: overview of the evidence","volume":"115","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490490483053","article-title":"Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine abuse in substance-abusing adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D461","DOI":"10.2741\/Himelste","article-title":"The neurobiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"5","author":"Himelstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.10.020","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview","volume":"57","author":"Biederman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022885827086","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of attention-deficit hyper-activity","volume":"28","author":"Inoue","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib9","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00916753","article-title":"A comparison of objective measures of activity and distractibility in hyperactive and nonhyperactive children","volume":"3","author":"Barkley","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib11","first-page":"213","article-title":"Causal factors in low performance","volume":"45","author":"Werner","year":"1940","journal-title":"Am J Ment Def"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.144.1.16","article-title":"Hyperkinetic syndrome of childhood \u2013 clinical characteristics","volume":"144","author":"Thorley","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Psychiat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(89)90052-0","article-title":"Event or emergency? Two response systems in the mammalian superior colliculus","volume":"12","author":"Dean","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(03)43040-9","article-title":"Control of orienting movements: role of multiple tectal projections to the lower brainstem","volume":"143","author":"Grantyn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90371-2","article-title":"Massive retinotectal protection in rats","volume":"272","author":"Linden","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050553","article-title":"Neural mechanisms for synthesizing sensory information and producing adaptive behaviors","author":"Stein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00237301","article-title":"Visual orientation in the rat: a dissociation of deficits following cortical and collicular lesions","volume":"31","author":"Goodale","year":"1978","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(65)90026-9","article-title":"The role of the superior colliculus in visually guided behavior","volume":"11","author":"Sprague","year":"1965","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(78)90062-3","article-title":"Go-left go-right discrimination performance and distractibility following lesions of prefrontal cortex or superior colliculus in stumptail macaques","volume":"16","author":"Milner","year":"1978","journal-title":"Neuropsycholgia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10560","article-title":"A direct prefrontotectal tract against distractibility in the human brain","volume":"53","author":"Gaymard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(99)00039-2","article-title":"Conceptual issues related to the role of the superior colliculus in the control of gaze","volume":"9","author":"Sparks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1972.35.4.560","article-title":"Activity of superior colliculus in behaving monkey II. Effect of attention on neuronal responses","volume":"35","author":"Goldberg","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(98)00319-4","article-title":"The basal ganglia: a vertebrate solution to the selection problem?","volume":"89","author":"Redgrave","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1107026","article-title":"How visual stimuli activate dopaminergic neurons at short latency","volume":"307","author":"Dommett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90586-3","article-title":"Effects on eye movements of a GABA agonist and antagonist injected into monkey superior colliculus","volume":"272","author":"Hikosaka","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1970.tb01090.x","article-title":"Children with learning disabilities: conditioning, differentiation, and the effect of distraction","volume":"40","author":"Dykman","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2004.10.081","article-title":"Electrophysiological evidence of enhanced distractibility in ADHD children","volume":"374","author":"Gumenyuk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00922534","article-title":"Attention and distractibility during reading in hyperactive boys","volume":"4","author":"Bremer","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1973.tb01189.x","article-title":"Sustained attention in hyperactive children","volume":"14","author":"Sykes","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-8986.00003","article-title":"Development of pro- and antisaccades in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy controls","volume":"40","author":"Klein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.02.029","article-title":"Executive functions and methylphenidate response in subtypes of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"57","author":"O\u2019Driscoll","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(98)00020-7","article-title":"The antisaccade: a review of basic research and clinical studies","volume":"36","author":"Everling","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-07-02740.1999","article-title":"Role of primate superior colliculus in preparation and execution of anti-saccades and pro-saccades","volume":"19","author":"Everling","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2214.2003.00333.x","article-title":"Current practice in the management of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD)","volume":"29","author":"Parr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.2.908","article-title":"Activity of visuomotor burst neurons in the superior colliculus accompanying express saccades","volume":"76","author":"Edelman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940003300206","article-title":"Comorbidity of reading disability and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Differences by gender and subtype","volume":"33","author":"Willcutt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(97)00170-X","article-title":"Poor saccadic control correlates with dyslexia","volume":"36","author":"Biscaldi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(96)01005-3","article-title":"To see but not to read; the magnocellular theory of dyslexia","volume":"20","author":"Stein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1978.41.6.1394","article-title":"Properties of concentrically organized X and Y ganglion cells of macaque retina","volume":"41","author":"de Monasterio","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/00335558008248231","article-title":"Orientation of attention","volume":"32","author":"Posner","year":"1980","journal-title":"Q J Exp Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(87)90041-8","article-title":"Reorienting attention across the horizontal and vertical meridians: evidence in favor of a premotor theory of attention","volume":"25","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S119","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073891006001S12","article-title":"Activating tasks for the study of visual-spatial attention in ADHD children: A cognitive anatomic approach","volume":"6","author":"Swanson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-199401020-00002","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clinical features and treatment options","volume":"1","author":"Brown","year":"1994","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2006.07.035","article-title":"Effects of amphetamine isomers, methylphenidate and atomoxetine on synaptosomal and synaptic vesicle accumulation and release of dopamine and noradrenaline in vitro in the rat brain","volume":"52","author":"Easton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(76)90348-8","article-title":"Effects of the d- and l-isomers of amphetamine on uptake, release and catabolism of norepinephrine, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in several regions of rat brain","volume":"25","author":"Holmes","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00965750","article-title":"Monoamines and their metabolites in somatosensory, visual, and cingulate cortices of adult rat: differences in content and lack of sidedness","volume":"15","author":"Kabani","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(87)90132-8","article-title":"Dopaminergic innervation of the primary visual cortex in the rat, and some correlations with human cortex","volume":"18","author":"Phillipson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00492041","article-title":"The glyoxylic acid fluorescence histochemical method: a detailed account of the methodology for the visualization of central catecholamine neurons","volume":"39","author":"Lindvall","year":"1974","journal-title":"Histochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(81)90050-6","article-title":"Organization of ascending serotonin systems in the adult rat brain A radioautographic study after intraventricular administration of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine","volume":"6","author":"Parent","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)90774-P","article-title":"Co-localization of tyrosine hydroxylase and glutamate decarboxylase in a subpopulation of single nigrotectal projection neurons","volume":"558","author":"Campbell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(88)90169-8","article-title":"Uptake, release, and modulation of release of noradrenaline in rabbit superior colliculus","volume":"26","author":"Wichmann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.12-06-02417.1992","article-title":"Functional influence of interlaminar connections in the hamster\u2019s superior colliculus","volume":"12","author":"Mooney","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib53","unstructured":"Gowan JD, Coizet V, Devonshire IM, Overton PG. D-amphetamine depresses visual responses in the rat superior colliculus: A possible mechanism for amphetamine-induced decreases in distractibility. J Neural Transm, in press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523899163156","article-title":"Effects of norepinephrine upon superficial layer neurons in the superior colliculus of the hamster: in vitro studies","volume":"16","author":"Tan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Visual Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(69)90060-4","article-title":"Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine, LSD and related compounds on electrical activities evoked in vitro in thin sections from the superior colliculus","volume":"8","author":"Kawai","year":"1969","journal-title":"Int J Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(94)00152-6","article-title":"Distractibility and locomotor activity in rat following intra-collicular injection of a serotonin 1B-1D agonist","volume":"67","author":"Boulenguez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00288.2005","article-title":"Visual responses of the human superior colliculus: A high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"94","author":"Schneider","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016_bib58","first-page":"338","article-title":"Visuomotor deficits following ablation of monkey superior colliculus","volume":"48","author":"Albano","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Neurosci"}],"container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987707006603?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987707006603?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,7]],"date-time":"2019-05-07T09:45:23Z","timestamp":1557222323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306987707006603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0306987707006603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2007.11.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-9877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-9877","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}}}