{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:07:59Z","timestamp":1791234479902,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,27]],"date-time":"2009-08-27T08:45:58Z","timestamp":1251362758000},"page":"59-62","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Autism and dyslexia: A spectrum of cognitive styles as defined by minicolumnar morphometry"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Emily L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel F.","family":"Casanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/0470846631.ch3","article-title":"Radial unit hypothesis of neocortical expansion","volume":"228","author":"Rakic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Novartis Found Symp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib2","series-title":"The neocortex: ontogeny and phylogeny","first-page":"75","article-title":"Multiple origins of neocortex: contributions of the dorsal ventricular ridge","author":"Shimizu","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1126\/science.153.3735.501","article-title":"Lemur social behavior and primate intelligence","volume":"153","author":"Jolly","year":"1966","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib4","series-title":"Growing points in ethology","first-page":"303","article-title":"The social function of intellect","author":"Humphrey","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib5","series-title":"Machiavellian intelligence: social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Machiavellian intelligence hypothesis: editorial","author":"Byrne","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<178::AID-EVAN5>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"The social brain hypothesis","volume":"6","author":"Dunbar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Evol Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1995.1021","article-title":"Neocortex size and group size in primates: a test of the hypothesis","volume":"28","author":"Dunbar","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hum Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1086\/204160","article-title":"Neocortex size, group size and the evolution of language","volume":"34","author":"Aiello","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr Anthropol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X02270077","article-title":"Evolution of the reasoning hominid brain","volume":"25","author":"Epstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav Brain Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib10","first-page":"583","article-title":"Start small and live slow: encephalization, body size, and life history strategies in primate origins and evolution","volume":"vol. IV","author":"Shea","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150701313830","article-title":"Within-species variation and measurement error in phylogenetic comparative methods","volume":"56","author":"Ives","year":"2007","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib12","series-title":"Evolutionary biology","author":"Futuyma","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-004-0457-6","article-title":"Intracortical circuitry: one of psychiatry\u2019s missing assumptions","volume":"254","author":"Casanova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858407309091","article-title":"Encephalization, emergent properties, and psychiatry: a minicolumnar perspective","volume":"14","author":"Casanova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf110","article-title":"The minicolumn hypothesis in neuroscience","volume":"125","author":"Buxhoeveden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.3.428","article-title":"Minicolumnar pathology in autism","volume":"58","author":"Casanova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0085-5","article-title":"Minicolumnar abnormalities in autism","volume":"112","author":"Casanova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1159\/000121313","article-title":"Folding of the cerebral cortex in mammals","volume":"24","author":"Prothero","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Behav Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2004.06.001","article-title":"Increased frontal cortical folding in autism: a preliminary MRI study","volume":"131","author":"Hardan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res: Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib20","first-page":"85","article-title":"Abnormalities of the gyral window in autism: a macroscopic correlate to a putative minicolumnopathy","volume":"1\u20132","author":"Casanova","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Spec Educ Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0681-4","article-title":"Reduced gyral window and corpus callosum size in autism: possible macroscopic correlates of a minicolumnopathy","volume":"39","author":"Casanova","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11725","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0777-07.2007","article-title":"Cortical folding abnormalities in autism revealed by surface-based morphometry","volume":"27","author":"Nordahl","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20032","article-title":"Localization of white matter volume increase in autism and developmental language disorder","volume":"55","author":"Herbert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20196","article-title":"White matter volume increase and minicolumns in autism","volume":"56","author":"Casanova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0689-4","article-title":"Corpus callosum volume and neurocognition in autism","volume":"39","author":"Keary","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(95)98373-7","article-title":"Neural component placement","volume":"18","author":"Cherniak","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1218","article-title":"Neural activity and the dynamics of central nervous system development","volume":"7","author":"Hua","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5290.1133","article-title":"Synaptic activity and the construction of cortical circuits","volume":"274","author":"Katz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-04-02418.1994","article-title":"Component placement optimization in the brain","volume":"14","author":"Cherniak","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.59.6001","article-title":"Large-scale optimization of neuron arbors","volume":"59","author":"Cherniak","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0331","article-title":"Radial cytoarchitecture and patterns of cortical connectivity in autism","volume":"364","author":"Casanova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc London B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.01.1.1.006.2007","article-title":"The intense world syndrome: an alternative hypothesis for autism","volume":"1","author":"Markram","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-183X.2003.00037.x","article-title":"Model of autism: increased ratio of excitation\/inhibition in key neural systems","volume":"2","author":"Rubenstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib34","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV-TR). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2000."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib35","unstructured":"World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (ICD-10). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9","article-title":"Defining dyslexia, comorbidity, teachers\u2019 knowledge of language and reading: a definition of dyslexia","volume":"53","author":"Lyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1196-98","article-title":"Dyslexia","volume":"275","author":"Shaywitz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10226","article-title":"Minicolumnar pathology in dyslexia","volume":"52","author":"Casanova","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/088307380401900407","article-title":"Reduced brain size and gyrification in the brains of dyslexic patients","volume":"19","author":"Casanova","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casanova MF, El-Baz AS, Giedd J, Rumsey JM, Switala AE. Increased white matter gyral depth in dyslexia: implications for corticocortical connectivity. J Autism Dev Disord, 2009 [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0817-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib41","unstructured":"El-Zehiry N, Casanova MF, Hassan H, Farag AA. Effect of minicolumnar disturbance on dyslexic brains: an MRI study. In: Proceedings of international symposium on biomedical imaging, biomedical imaging: from nano to macro, 2006. p. 1336\u20139."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib42","series-title":"Deformable models: theory and biomaterial applications","first-page":"461","article-title":"Volumetric MRI analysis of dyslexic subjects using a level set framework","author":"Abd El Munim","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.2.185","article-title":"Broader autism phenotype: evidence from a family history study of multiple-incidence autism families","volume":"154","author":"Piven","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199201163260301","article-title":"Evidence that dyslexia may represent the lower tail of a normal distribution of reading ability","volume":"326","author":"Shaywitz","year":"1992","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib45","series-title":"Shadow syndromes: the mild forms of major mental disorders that sabotage us","author":"Ratey","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00141-8","article-title":"Inadequate cortical feature maps: a neural circuit theory of autism","volume":"42","author":"Gustafsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-835X.1983.tb00906.x","article-title":"Reading for meaning and reading for sound in autistic and dyslexic children","volume":"1","author":"Frith","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Dev Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003_bib48","unstructured":"Bla\u017eek V, Br\u016f\u017eek J, Casanova MF. Plausible mechanisms for brain structural and size changes in human evolution. Coll Antropol, in press."}],"container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987709005490?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987709005490?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,22]],"date-time":"2019-05-22T06:28:02Z","timestamp":1558506482000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306987709005490"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0306987709005490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-9877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-9877","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]}}}