{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T17:13:24Z","timestamp":1764782004973},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,27]],"date-time":"2013-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["OPPGH 614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPPGH 614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["medical-hypotheses.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,24]],"date-time":"2013-09-24T22:54:10Z","timestamp":1380063250000},"page":"6-10","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Gestational vitamin A deficiency: A novel cause of sensorineural hearing loss in the developing world?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Susan D.","family":"Emmett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Keith P.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0005","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Deafness and hearing loss, <http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs300\/en>; 2013 [accessed 16.07.2013]."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.4.441","article-title":"Reducing the burden of communication disorders in the developing world: an opportunity for the millennium development project","volume":"296","author":"Olusanya","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200002010-00010","article-title":"Redefining the survival of the fittest: communication disorders in the 21st century","volume":"110","author":"Ruben","year":"2000","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040074","article-title":"Addressing the global neglect of childhood hearing impairment in developing countries","volume":"4","author":"Olusanya","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.106.3.e43","article-title":"Early intervention and language development in children who are deaf and hard of hearing","volume":"106","author":"Moeller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054915","article-title":"Language ability after early detection of permanent childhood hearing impairment","volume":"354","author":"Kennedy","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7489","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7489.480-c","article-title":"Childhood deafness poses problems in developing countries","volume":"330","author":"Olusanya","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1177\/000348941212101201","article-title":"Association of hearing loss with decreased employment and income among adults in the United States","volume":"121","author":"Jung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1080\/14992020802449008","article-title":"Hearing loss and paid employment: Australian population survey findings","volume":"48","author":"Hogan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Audiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0050","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995\u20132005, <http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2009\/9789241598019_eng.pdf>; 2009 [accessed 19.05.2013]."},{"issue":"Suppl. 9","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2857S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/132.9.2857S","article-title":"Extent of vitamin A deficiency among preschool children and women of reproductive age","volume":"132","author":"West","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"year":"1996","series-title":"Vitamin a deficiency","author":"Sommer","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0060"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601973","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia among school-aged children in Southeastern Asia","volume":"58","author":"Singh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"7183","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7183.570","article-title":"Double blind, cluster randomised trial of low dose supplementation with vitamin A or beta carotene on mortality related to pregnancy in Nepal. The NNIPS-2 study group","volume":"318","author":"West","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.6.542","article-title":"Night blindness during pregnancy and subsequent mortality among women in Nepal: effects of vitamin A and beta-carotene supplementation","volume":"152","author":"Christian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907441","article-title":"Maternal vitamin A supplementation and lung function in offspring","volume":"362","author":"Checkley","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.656","article-title":"Effects of vitamin A or beta carotene supplementation on pregnancy-related mortality and infant mortality in rural Bangladesh: a cluster randomized trial","volume":"305","author":"West","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.019059","article-title":"Maternal vitamin A and \u03b2-carotene supplementation and risk of bacterial vaginosis: a randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh","volume":"94","author":"Christian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"year":"1968","series-title":"Interactions of nutrition and infection","author":"Scrimshaw","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0095"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989210700512","article-title":"Incidence of otitis media in vitamin A-deficient guinea pigs","volume":"107","author":"Manning","year":"1992","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1177\/019459987908700618","article-title":"Squamous metaplasia of the middle ear mucosa during vitamin A deprivation","volume":"87","author":"Chole","year":"1979","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1179\/146532809X440707","article-title":"Nutritional factors in the pathogenesis of ear disease in children: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Elemraid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d7962","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d7962","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation in preschool children and risk of hearing loss as adolescents and young adults in rural Nepal: randomised trial cohort follow-up study","volume":"344","author":"Schmitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33670","article-title":"Retinoid signaling in inner ear development: A \u201cGoldilocks\u201d phenomenon","volume":"152A","author":"Frenz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/7788","article-title":"Embryonic retinoic acid synthesis is essential for early mouse post-implantation development","volume":"21","author":"Niederreither","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.1.75","article-title":"Retinoic acid synthesis and hindbrain patterning in the mouse embryo","volume":"127","author":"Niederreither","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)00509-2","article-title":"Vitamin A-deficient quail embryos have half a hindbrain and other neural defects","volume":"6","author":"Maden","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.05.044","article-title":"Distinct roles for hindbrain and paraxial mesoderm in the induction and patterning of the inner ear revealed by a study of vitamin-A-deficient quail","volume":"285","author":"Kil","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9635","article-title":"Vitamin A deficiency results in the dose-dependent acquisition of anterior character and shortening of the caudal hindbrain of the rat embryo","volume":"220","author":"White","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.20244","article-title":"Retinoid signaling in inner ear development","volume":"66","author":"Romand","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(02)00385-4","article-title":"The retinoic acid receptors RARalpha and RARgamma are required for inner ear development","volume":"119","author":"Romand","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mech Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0070-2153(03)57009-0","article-title":"The roles of retinoic acid during inner ear development","volume":"57","author":"Romand","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Top Dev Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21707","article-title":"Dynamic expression of the retinoic acid-synthesizing enzyme retinol dehydrogenase 10 (rdh10) in the developing mouse brain and sensory organs","volume":"508","author":"Romand","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gep.2007.11.003","article-title":"Expression of zebrafish aldh1a3 (raldh3) and absence of aldh1a1 in teleosts","volume":"8","author":"Pittlik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gene Expr Patterns"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21984","article-title":"Raldh3 gene expression pattern in the developing chicken inner ear","volume":"514","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Guardado","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(00)00002-2","article-title":"Regulation of retinoic acid signaling in the embryonic nervous system: a master differentiation factor","volume":"11","author":"McCaffery","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.20936","article-title":"Dynamic expression of retinoic acid-synthesizing and -metabolizing enzymes in the developing mouse inner ear","volume":"496","author":"Romand","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6329","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00881","article-title":"Requirements for FGF3 and FGF10 during inner ear formation","volume":"130","author":"Alvarez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20154","article-title":"Retinoic acid-induced inner ear teratogenesis caused by defective Fgf3\/Fgf10-dependent Dlx5 signaling","volume":"83","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.11.3381","article-title":"Pax2 contributes to inner ear patterning and optic nerve trajectory","volume":"122","author":"Torres","year":"1996","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.1999.9364","article-title":"Retinoic acid signaling is necessary for the development of the organ of Corti","volume":"213","author":"Raz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.20233","article-title":"Dlx5 and Dlx6 homeobox genes are required for specification of the mammalian vestibular apparatus","volume":"44","author":"Robledo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.17.3795","article-title":"Craniofacial, vestibular and bone defects in mice lacking the distal-less-related gene Dlx5","volume":"126","author":"Acampora","year":"1999","journal-title":"Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0004.2008.01004.x","article-title":"Homozygous FGF3 mutations result in congenital deafness with inner ear agenesis, microtia, and microdontia","volume":"73","author":"Tekin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1086\/510920","article-title":"Homozygous mutations in fibroblast growth factor 3 are associated with a new form of syndromic deafness characterized by inner ear agenesis, microtia, and microdontia","volume":"80","author":"Tekin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2003.010587","article-title":"Refinement of the deletion in 7q21.3 associated with split hand\/foot malformation type 1 and mondini dysplasia","volume":"41","author":"Wieland","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/5.5.571","article-title":"Characterization of the split hand\/split foot malformation locus SHFM1 at 7q21.3-q22.1 and analysis of a candidate gene for its expression during limb development","volume":"5","author":"Crackower","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"year":"2001","series-title":"Vitamin A. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc","author":"Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0240"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0245","series-title":"Carotenoids and vitamin A in translational medicine","first-page":"111","article-title":"Assuring vitamin A adequacy to prevent eye and ear disorders","author":"Sauer","year":"2013"},{"year":"2010","series-title":"Early life nutritional exposures and long-term programming of the immune system. Unpublished doctoral dissertation","author":"Palmer","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0250"},{"issue":"9726","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60311-X","article-title":"Effect of vitamin A supplementation in women of reproductive age on maternal survival in Ghana (ObaapaVitA): a cluster-randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"375","author":"Kirkwood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.16.2000","article-title":"Universal newborn hearing screening: summary of evidence","volume":"286","author":"Thompson","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2008.03.004","article-title":"Hospital-based universal newborn hearing screening for early detection of permanent congenital hearing loss in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"72","author":"Olusanya","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2009.11.008","article-title":"Newborn hearing screening in a developing country: results of a pilot study in Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019ivoire","volume":"74","author":"Tanon-Anoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0275","unstructured":"UNICEF. State of the World\u2019s Children 2013: Children with Disabilities, <http:\/\/www.unicef.org\/sowc2013\/files\/SWCR2013_ENG_Lo_res_24_Apr_2013.pdf>; 2013 [accessed 17.07.2013]."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2004.04.013","article-title":"Systematic review of the etiology of bilateral sensorineural hearing loss in children","volume":"68","author":"Morzaria","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"}],"container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987713004660?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987713004660?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T16:21:52Z","timestamp":1646583712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306987713004660"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0306987713004660"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-9877"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0306-9877"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gestational vitamin A deficiency: A novel cause of sensorineural hearing loss in the developing world?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Medical Hypotheses","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2013.09.028","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}