{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T12:59:36Z","timestamp":1774443576053,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,9]],"date-time":"2019-12-09T12:06:37Z","timestamp":1575893197000},"page":"109523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Disorders of human consciousness in the Tri-partite synapses"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"136","author":[{"given":"B.","family":"Miterauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W.","family":"Baer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0005","unstructured":"William J. Chapter X. The consciousness of self. The principles of psychology, Vol I and II Dover; 1955."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0010","first-page":"165","article-title":"Introduction to the physics of consciousness","volume":"17","author":"Baer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Consciousness Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(98)01349-6","article-title":"Tripartite synapses: glia, the unacknowledged partner","volume":"22","author":"Araque","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858413510208","article-title":"Astrogliopathology: a central element of neuropsyhiatric disaeses?","volume":"20","author":"Verkhratsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.14704\/nq.2009.7.2.233","article-title":"Quantum physics: relevance to psychiatry","volume":"7","author":"Malik","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroQuantology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2015.13.1.36","article-title":"Understanding Schizophrenia as a disorder of consciousness","volume":"13","author":"Venkatasubramanian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0035","unstructured":"Baer W. Conscious action theory: an introduction to the event oriented world view. Routledge Press; 2020. ISBN: 978-1-138-66746-4 (hbk)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0040","article-title":"On the necessity of including the observer in physical theory","volume":"11","author":"Baer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cosmos History"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2307\/2183914","article-title":"What it is like to be a bat","volume":"93","author":"Nagel","year":"1974","journal-title":"Philos Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(96)10046-1","article-title":"Control of gap-junctional communication in astrocytic networks","volume":"19","author":"Giaume","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"6301","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/348542a0","article-title":"Long-term potentiation of electronic coupling at mixed synapses","volume":"348","author":"Yang","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0060","first-page":"118","article-title":"Engram formation in psychiatric disorders","volume":"8","author":"Gebicke-Haerter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20029","article-title":"Astrocyte responses to neuronal activity","volume":"47","author":"Schipke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0070","unstructured":"Kozachkov L., Michmizos K. P., The causal role of astrocytes in slow-wave rhythmogensis: a computational modeling study 2017; arXiv:1702.03993 (q-bio.NC)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-006-0034-1","article-title":"The role of the feed-forward paradigm in cognitive psychology","volume":"7","author":"Basso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cognit Process"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.02.007","article-title":"Gliotransmitters travel in time and space","volume":"81","author":"Araque","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00161.2005","article-title":"Astrocytes coordinate synaptic networks: balanced excitation and inhibition","volume":"21","author":"Fellin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2010.07.001","article-title":"Astrocytes and human cognition: modeling information integration and modulation of neuronal activity","volume":"92","author":"Pereira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2009.11.010","article-title":"Glial calcium and diseases of the nervous system","volume":"47","author":"Nedergaard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. Washington DC; 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2015.01.003","article-title":"Resting state EEG delta power is associated with psychological pain in adults with a history of depression","volume":"105","author":"Meerwijk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2015.01.025","article-title":"Balancing and imbalancing of astrocytic receptors in tripartite synapses. Common pathophysiological model of mental disorders and epilepsy","volume":"84","author":"Mitterauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00490","article-title":"Attenuated levels of hippocampal connexin 43 and its phosphorylation correlate with antidepressant and anxiolytic-like activation in mice","volume":"9","author":"Quesseveur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0120","series-title":"Neuroglia","first-page":"197","article-title":"Release of gliotransmitters and transmitter receptors in astrocytes","author":"Kettenman","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-7-S1-O7","article-title":"Upregulation of astrocytic Alpha 7 nicotinic receptors in Alzheimer's disease brain- possibly relevant to amyloid pathology","volume":"7","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000195941.48033.eb","article-title":"Upregulation of protease-activated receptor.1 in astrocytes in Parkinson disease: astrocyte-mediated neuroprotection through increased levels of glutathione peroxidase","volume":"65","author":"Ishida","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0135","first-page":"521","article-title":"Depression as a glial-based synaptic dysfunction","volume":"9","author":"Rial","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2015.1095094","article-title":"Targeting astrocytes in major depression","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15653","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507901102","article-title":"Altered cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic signal transmission with glial involvement in depression","volume":"102","author":"Choundary","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0150","article-title":"Gap junction dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex induces depressive-like behaviors in rats","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuro Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.06.008","article-title":"Glial loss in the prefrontal cortex is sufficient to induce depressive-like behaviors","volume":"64","author":"Banasr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820780116","article-title":"Functional connectomics of affective and psychotic pathology","volume":"116","author":"Baker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.2174\/13894501113149990156","article-title":"Astrocyte pathology in major depressive disorder: insights from human postmortem brain tissue","volume":"14","author":"Rajkowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmp.2018.74008","article-title":"Psychobiological model of bipolar disorder: based on imbalances of glial-neuronal information processing","volume":"7","author":"Mitterauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open J Med Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0175","series-title":"Dopamine in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia","first-page":"177","article-title":"Mania as a dysfunction of reentry: application of Edelman's and Tononi's hypothesis for consciousness to a psychiatric disorder","author":"Mellerup","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0180","series-title":"A universe of consciousness","author":"Edelman","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0185","first-page":"1","article-title":"Temporal experience in mania. Phenomenology and the","volume":"3","author":"Moskalewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognit Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2007.01058.x","article-title":"Dopamine dysregulation syndrome: implications for a dopamine hypothesis of bipolar disorder","volume":"116","author":"Berk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0195","series-title":"The American psychiatric press textbook of psychiatry","author":"Hales","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01121-6","article-title":"Schizophrenia","volume":"388","author":"Owen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.03.035","article-title":"Glia cells are key players in schizophrenia: insights and concepts of therapy","volume":"161","author":"Bernstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0210","series-title":"The glutamate\/GABA cycle. Advances in neurobiology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45096-4_12","article-title":"Astroglia, glutamatergic transmission and psychiatric diseases","author":"Verkhratsky","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmp.2014.32016","article-title":"Pathophysiology of schizophrenia: based on impaired glial-neuronal interactions","volume":"3","author":"Mitterauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open J Med Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmp.2019.82002","article-title":"Disintegration of the Astroglial domain organization may underlie the loss of reality comprehension in schizophrenia: a hypothetical model","volume":"8","author":"Mitterauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open J Med Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(03)00203-0","article-title":"Calcium signaling dysfunction in schizophrenia: a unifying approach","volume":"43","author":"Lidow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3109\/10673221003747609","article-title":"Gamma oscillation deficits and the onset and early progression of schizophrenia","volume":"18","author":"Woo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0235","series-title":"Das holophrene Syndrom als Modell. Biokybernetik und Psychopathologie","author":"Mitterauer","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000040","article-title":"Disordered Self in the schizophrenia spectrum: a clinical research perspective","volume":"22","author":"Parnas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.01659","article-title":"Is schizophrenia a disorder of consciousness? Experimental and phenomenological support for anomalous unconscious processing","volume":"8","author":"Giersch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/511S4a","article-title":"Unrestrained excitement","volume":"511","author":"Eisenstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022434","article-title":"Role of astrocytes in epilepsy","volume":"25","author":"Coulter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2012.00132","article-title":"The role of astroglia in the epileptic brain","author":"Losi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-014-1849-1","article-title":"Calcium signaling and epilepsy","volume":"357","author":"Steinlein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1277","article-title":"An astrocytic basis of epilepsy","volume":"11","author":"Tian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0275","article-title":"Role of astrocyte dysfunction in epilepsy","author":"Binder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.29245\/2572.942X\/2018\/5.1216","article-title":"Imbalances of tripartite synapses responsible for the pathophysiology of mental disorders and epilepsy","volume":"3","author":"Mitterauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neuromed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4184","article-title":"Glia as drivers of abnormal neuronal activity","volume":"19","author":"Robel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahdavi A, Bahrami F, Janahmadi M. Analysis of impaired LTP in schizophrenia using an extended mathematical model of a tripartite synapse. In Proceedings of the 22nd Iranian conference on biomedical engineering (ICBME), Teheran, pp. 25\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICBME.2015.7404120.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBME.2015.7404120"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523_b0295","unstructured":"Baer W. Conscious action theory: an introduction to the event oriented world view. Routledge Press; 2020. ISBN: 978-1-138-66746-4 (hbk) (see section 7.7)."}],"container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987719311375?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987719311375?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T19:20:43Z","timestamp":1759692043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306987719311375"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["S0306987719311375"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-9877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-9877","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Disorders of human consciousness in the Tri-partite synapses","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Medical Hypotheses","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.109523","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109523"}}