{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:53:45Z","timestamp":1790776425930,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T02:33:50Z","timestamp":1590460430000},"page":"109881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Is anosmia the price to pay in an immune-induced scorched-earth policy against COVID-19?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"S.D.","family":"Le Bon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Horoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4461","article-title":"The olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system","volume":"235","author":"van Riel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7264","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00737-08","article-title":"Severe Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2","volume":"82","author":"Netland","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050828","article-title":"Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS","volume":"202","author":"Gu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00404-18","article-title":"Axonal transport enables neuron-to-neuron propagation of human coronavirus OC43","author":"Dub\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.062","article-title":"A first case of meningitis\/encephalitis associated with SARS-coronavirus-2","volume":"94","author":"Moriguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0035","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID- 19): a multicenter European study","volume":"6","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00122","article-title":"Evidence of the COVID-19 Virus targeting the CNS: tissue distribution, host-virus interaction, and proposed neurotropic mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Baig","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000249922.37381.1e","article-title":"Identification of viruses in patients with postviral olfactory dysfunction","volume":"117","author":"Suzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welge-L\u00fcssen A, Wolfensberger M. Olfactory Disorders following Upper Respiratory Tract Infections. In: Taste and Smell. Basel: KARGER; 2006. p. 125\u201332.","DOI":"10.1159\/000093758"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.10.004","article-title":"Neurogliogenesis in the mature olfactory system: a possible protective role against infection and toxic dust","volume":"59","author":"Loseva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-79-8-1833","article-title":"Viruses and apoptosis","volume":"79","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Gen Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.426","article-title":"Virus-induced neuronal apoptosis as pathological and protective responses of the host","volume":"14","author":"Mori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.172.4.1127","article-title":"Effect of olfactory bulb ablation on spread of a neurotropic coronavirus into the mouse brain","volume":"172","author":"Perlman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levine B. Apoptosis in Viral Infections of Neurons: a Protective or Pathologic Host Response? In: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. 2002. p. 95\u2013118.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-09525-6_5"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2015_04_338","article-title":"Transolfactory neuroinvasion by viruses threatens the human brain","volume":"59","author":"Mori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21252","article-title":"Macrophage depletion in the murine olfactory epithelium leads to increased neuronal death and decreased neurogenesis","volume":"501","author":"Borders","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0587-9","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of olfactory neurogenesis and differentiation in adult humans","volume":"23","author":"Durante","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0095","unstructured":"Carolyn Crist. CDC Adds Six Symptoms to COVID-19 List [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 May 1]. Available from: https:\/\/www.medscape.com\/viewarticle\/929636."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010014","article-title":"Human coronaviruses and other respiratory viruses: underestimated opportunistic pathogens of the central nervous system?","volume":"12","author":"Desforges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8913","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.19.8913-8921.2000","article-title":"Neuroinvasion by human respiratory coronaviruses","volume":"74","author":"Arbour","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23816","article-title":"Cranial Pair I: The Olfactory Nerve","volume":"302","author":"Crespo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21327","article-title":"The olfactory vector hypothesis of neurodegenerative disease: Is it viable?","volume":"63","author":"Doty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280590922793","article-title":"Olfactory transmission of neurotropic viruses","volume":"11","author":"Mori","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-008-0739-9","article-title":"Distribution and severity of spontaneous lesions in the neuroepithelium and Bowman\u2019s glands in mouse olfactory mucosa: age-related progression","volume":"335","author":"Kondo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-014-1848-2","article-title":"Innate immune responses and neuroepithelial degeneration and regeneration in the mouse olfactory mucosa induced by intranasal administration of Poly(I:C)","volume":"357","author":"Kanaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.6b00043","article-title":"The olfactory bulb: an immunosensory effector organ during neurotropic viral infections","volume":"7","author":"Durrant","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"issue":"10229","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_b0145","article-title":"Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia","author":"Brann","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22592","article-title":"Self-reported olfactory loss associates with outpatient clinical course in Covid-19","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"}],"container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987720311555?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987720311555?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T19:21:49Z","timestamp":1759692109000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306987720311555"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S0306987720311555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-9877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-9877","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Is anosmia the price to pay in an immune-induced scorched-earth policy against COVID-19?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Medical Hypotheses","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109881","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109881"}}