{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T19:15:04Z","timestamp":1786994104826,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]],"date-time":"2020-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604188800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T04:39:41Z","timestamp":1598416781000},"page":"110214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Role of latent tuberculosis infections in reduced COVID-19 mortality: Evidence from an instrumental variable method analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Harutaka","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110214_b0005","unstructured":"Soliman R, Brassey J, Pluddemann A, Henegahn C. Does BCG vaccination protect against acute respiratory infections and COVID-19? A rapid review of current evidence. CEBM Working Paper 23 April 2020. https:\/\/www.cebm\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/04\/BCG.jpg; 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110214_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raham T. TB prevalence correlation to COVID-19 mortality (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.05.05.20092395[preprint].","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.05.20092395"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110214_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh S. Trained immunity from Mycobacterium spp. Exposure or BCG vaccination and COVID-19 outcomes (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.07.11.20151308.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.07.11.20151308"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110214_b0020","article-title":"Is Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection life long?","volume":"2019","author":"Behr","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110214_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002152","article-title":"The global burden of latent tuberculosis infection: A re-estimation using mathematical modeling","volume":"13","author":"Houben","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110214_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shivendu S, Chakraborty S, Onuchowska A, Patidar A. Is there evidence that BCG vaccination has non-specific protective effects for COVID-19 infections or is it an illusion created by lack of testing? doi:; 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.18.20071142"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110214_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller A, Reandelar MJ, Faciglione K, Roumenova V, Li Y, Otazu GH. Correlation between universal BCG vaccination policy and reduced morbidity and mortality for COVID-19: an epidemiological study. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.03.24.2004293[preprint]; 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.24.20042937"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110214_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110160","article-title":"Appearent difference in fatalities between Central Europe and East Asia due to SARS-COV-2 and COVID-19: Four hypotheses for possible explanation","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"}],"container-title":["Medical Hypotheses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987720325305?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306987720325305?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T19:33:05Z","timestamp":1759692785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306987720325305"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"references-count":8,"alternative-id":["S0306987720325305"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110214","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-9877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-9877","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Role of latent tuberculosis infections in reduced COVID-19 mortality: Evidence from an instrumental variable method analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Medical Hypotheses","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110214","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110214"}}